Naked celebrities 2019

Black sites are secret prisons in Afghanistan. People buried alive in the desert. (128)

There are 34 provinces: welayats:
Badakhshan [NE bordering Tajikistan]
Balkh: Turkish for Mountain / Bactria / Daxia [Afghan Turkestan] [Southern Turkistan is the Afghan province of Mazar-i-Sharif.]
Faryab: Persian for Irrigated River Water [Afghan Turkestan]
Jowzjan [Afghan Turkestan]
Sar e Pol / Saripul [Afghan Turkestan]
Herat [Afghan Turkestan] [Railway to Iranian city of Mashad]
Badghis
Baghlan / Bagolango [Ruins of Surkh Kotal Zoroastrian fire temple. Operation Enduring Freedom Germanic forces.]
Bamyan [Statues of Buddha destroyed in the war]
Daykundi
Farah [W. on Iranian border. NATO Provincial Reconstruction Team]
Ghazni [Khorasan: Persian for Where the Sun Arrives From][Lies on Kabul to Kandahar Road. 1839: Battle of Ghazni: 1st Anglo-Afghan War. 2006: Governor Taj Mohammed assasinated.]
Kabul Province [Khorasan: Persian for Where the Sun Arrives From] Kabul City [1996: Capital of Afghanistan seized by the Taliban. 70% unemployment. 2001: Most of Afghanistan’s people 15 years of age or older cannot read & write. The lack of educational facilities is due largely to the upheaval caused by the past 2 decades of war. Afghanistan has 2 universities: Ningrahar University in Jalalabad & Kabul University. 2002: Half a million homeless people & 80,000+ homes reduced to rubble (Wallach). 2006: US counternarcotic forces discover 110 lbs of heroin in a truck. 2008: 60,000+ foreign troops called in. 9,700+ dead in 2 years. Thanksgiving: US. Embassy hit by a car bomb. Police Chief: Mohammed Ayub Salangi. Kabul River]
Ghor

Kajaki [2007: Chris Brummet of Associated Press reports US warplane dropped a 500 lb bomb on British troops. Kurt Volker Assistant Secretary of State for European & Eurasian Affairs. British Troops 7000]
Helmand Province [2008: October 17: Daoud Ahamadi, a spokesman for the Helmand Governor’s office, said the bodies of 17 civilians, including women & children were recovered from the rubble of a walled compound. Deaths occured in airstrikes by Western Forces. 8000 British Troops in province. On Friday, Villagers from Nad Ali made the ardous 6 mile trek to the capital Lashkar Gah, bringing more than a dozen bodies to the governor’s home in protest. Lakshar Gah is a city of 85,000 occupied by NATO forces. (121: 5)]
Kapisa
Kunduz
Laghman
Lowgar
Nangarhar
Nimruz
Nurestan: Land of the Enlightened [Anglo-Afghan War: Abdul Wakil Khan Nuristani vs British army. 1979-89: Guerilla fighting. Dawlat dissolved under Taliban. 2006: Kala Gush U.S Reconstruction Team]
Oruzgan
Paktia [Pashtunistan: Land of the Pashtun] [2006: Home of the Durand line between Afghanistan & Pakistan. Governor Hakim Taniwal assasinated. Coalition forces. Was a unified province with Khost & Paktika]
Khost [Pashtunistan: Land of the Pashtun]
Khost City [1996: Al Qaeda: Base arrives after bin Laden expelled from Sudan. Believed responsible for the bombings of American embassies in Kenya & Tanzania in 1998, USS Cole in 2000 & World Trade Center. 70,000 trained in bombmaking camps. Until late 2001, hundreds of Arabic-speaking visitors lived with their families in upscale neighborhoods of Afghan towns like Jalalabad. They had very little contact with Afghan neighbors. Some retreated to Pakistan (Wallach). 2010: March 27: Provincial Governor Taher Khan Sabali. German Foreign Office reports a gunman attacking a group of German & Afghan aid workers inspecting a high school under renovation.]Patika / Paktika Province [Pashtunistan: Land of the Pashtun] [Bombed]
Panjsher / Panjshir Province: Persian for 5 Lions [Panjshir Valley]
Parwan / Parvan Province
Samangan
Takhar
Wardak

Cham Tala [One of 88 mass grave sites containing 1000s of victims]

Gandhara: Place of Light / Chandahara / Kandahar Province: Kandahar City-Mundigak [600BC: Gandhara Kingdom: includes NW Punjab. 1747: Capital of Duranni Empire. 1979: Gardens & orchards filled with pomegranates, grapes & melons made inaccessible due to land mines. 2001: Airport bombed. 2002: F-16 Pilot dropped a 500 lb bomb on Canadian troops conducting a live fire exercise. 2004: Heroin seized by Afghan security forces under commander Habibullah Jan released by Ahmed Wali Karzai, brother of President Hamid Karzai (NY Times: 257: 4). 2006: Airport reopened. 2008: Ahmed Wali Karzai is governor of the province. Warplanes attack 400 Taliban militants who escaped from the city jail in Arghanadab valley near Kandahar. Lt. Gen. Sher Mohammad Karimi, chief of operations for the Aghan Defense Ministry counted 95 insurgent bodies & 29 suspects. 60,000+ students don’t attend school due to fear of attack]

Zabol / Zabul Province [Zabulistan][Bombed]

Konar / Kunar Province [Bombed / Oct 17 2008: Provincial officials report 18 killed in previous 24 hrs.]

Zogist salute is a flat hand over the heart with palm facing forwards. He claimed to be a successor of Skanderbeg. Zog hoarded gold coins & precious stones, which were used to back Albania’s 1st paper currency.
1985-1992: Ramiz Alia: Private ownership of automobiles illegal until 1991
1992-1998: Sali Berisha: Investment collapse, UN relief effort
1998: Rexhep Mejdani

Klos [September 3, 1943: XXI Mountain Corps: Greek 100th Jaeger, Serbian 297th Infantry, German 1st Mountain Division]

Burresi [Concentration Camp]

Vlora-Vlore [Concentration Camp: Railroad network connects port cities Tirane & Durres with industrial centers Elbasan, Fier, Shkoder,& Vlore], [Jews removed]

Velika Dobranja [Bombed]

Skutari-Shkoder-Scoder [1912 Balkan War: Seized by Montenegro from the Ottoman Army. WWI battleground. Albania’s railroad network], Tirane / Tirana [1600: Albania’s capital city: Ottoman commander Barkinzadeh Suleiman Pasha. 1944: Hoxha. Albanians are divided into 2 major groups – Ghegs & the Tosks – according to which Albanian dialect they speak. Most Ghegs live north of the Shkumbin-Shkumbi River. Most Tosks live south of the river.]

Bouarfa

Djelfa [700 to 1,000 prisoners. Forced labor for the Trans-Saharan railway. 30+ camps. Administered by former officers of the French Foreign Legion (Victor: 143) El comandante Cavoche, jefe del campo y sus ayudantes: los policías vichystas Grissard, Schneider y Gravela: Commander Cavoche, Chief of the Camp & his helpers: the policies of Vichyites: Grissard, Schneider & Gravela (Villanova: 142)]

Hadjerat-M’guil

Kenadsa

Mecheria [1942: 50 km S. of Oran. Collection camp for prisoners of war]

Meridje

Missour

1. 1894: Sultan (Strength / Authority) Abdul-Hamid II & Sultana
2. Governor Djevdet ordered crimes
3. Commander Sükrü Kaya
4. Grand Visier: Mehmet Talat Pasha

Deir-Zor [Inmates killed by morphine injection. Bodies thrown into the Black Sea], Ras Ul-Ain, Bonzanti

Mamoura [1894-1896: 200,000+ dead. What had the Armenians done to deserve all this? Not much – their main offense was to be a Christian minority in a crumbling Islamic empire. ..The starving Armenians became a cause celebre among European & U.S. humanitarians. ...To no avail – the British government found the Ottomans a useful ally against the Russians & refused to impose sanctions.’ – Cecil Adams: Straight Dope] Intili, Islahiye, Radjo [Camp & Mass grave], Katma [Camp & Mass Grave], Karlik, Azaz [Camp & Mass Grave] Akhterim, Mounboudji, Bab, Tefridje, Lale, Meskene, Sebil, Dipsi. Abouharar, Hamam, Sebka, Marat, Souvar, Hama, Kahdem

Tifilsi / Tblisi / Tbilisi: Warm Springs [1924: 5000+ executed by Russian Police Chief Lavrentiy Pavlovich Beria under Stalin. Beria became head of the NKVD & was executed by Kruschev], South Ossetia [1990-1992: North-central Georgia: Declares itself independent. Ossetians vs Georgian Army. Cease-fire in 1992], Abkhazia [Northwestern Georgia. Abkhazians drive Georgian forces out late 1993].

Volksfront
To waltz matilda means to tramp the roads. A matilda is a blanket roll.
1568: Alvaro de Mendana
1606: Luis Valle de Torrez & Willem Janz
1609: British East India Company seizes Cocos Islands
1642: Abel Janszoon Tasman: Aotearoa = Niew Zeeland
1770: James Cook = New South Wales. Aborigines: Latin ab origine: from the beginning.
1788: Penal Laws: England establishes Australia as prison colony.
1789: Lady Julianne: The Floating Brothel: 225 convict women of solid breeding stock forced into sexual slavery. Ship journeys through Carribean May 1789 to Sydney. 1 Scotswomen dies, 7 babies born on arrival (134)
1829: Charles Fremantle claims New Holland for England.
1836: Charles Sturt: South Australia Colony
1840: Treaty of Waitangi: English seize New Zealand from native Maori
1842-1872: New Zealand Wars: 1/2 Maori dead
1862: New Zealand Company: Edward Gibbon Wakefield
Blackbirding refers to the recruitment of people through alleged trickery & kidnappings to work on plantations, particularly the sugar cane plantations of Queensland – Wikipedia
1861:Master & Servants Act: 1861 62,000+ South Sea Islanders taken to Australia to work as indentured servants in the sugar cane fields of Queensland. More are taken to the plantations of Fiji, New Caledonia, Samoan Islands.
1876: Last surviving full-blooded Tasmanian Aborigine dies.
Pacific Island Labourers Act 1901: An Act to provide for the Regulation, Restriction & Prohibition of the Introduction of Labourers from the Pacific Islands & for other purposes. It is an offence to employ a Pacific Islander in any other way than an indentured labour agreement, punishable by a fine of GBP 100. The Act prohibited any Pacific Islanders from entering Australia after March 31, 1904, & required all those entering before then to have a license. Immigration Restriction Act enacted 6 days later prohibited people from Africa, Asia, or any island in the Indian or Pacific Oceans from entering Australia. White & black indentured servitude continued until 1964.
1914: Anzacs: Australian & New Zealand Army Corps
1930: Government Integration Program: Aborigines removed to cities from tribal settlements.
1966: Immigration Minister Hubert Opperman announced applications for migration would ’be accepted from well-qualified people on the basis of their suitability as settlers, their ability to integrate readily & their possession of qualifications positively useful to Australia’
1967: Australian Constitution removes clause prohibiting aide to Aborigines.
Broken Rites Australia, non-profit organization of survivors of church-related sexual abuse who advocate for those who need help, is familiar with adult callers abused as children & women abused in a vulnerable situation, a single, or seperated, or unhappily married woman who consulted a church pastor & was then sexually abused in the course of counselling. They’ve also seen sick & medicated women abused by hospital chaplains. Within the Catholic Church, victims keep silent. Parents do not go to the police. Reporting is only to a church official, which is great for the church because they can then move the offender to a new area with new targets or an overseas study trip. Arrival or leaving details are of course not discussed with parishoners. The Black Collar Crime Cases consist of a survivor who consulted with police & found police had aggregate data of their abuser already.

Aotearoa: White Cloud Land [Nieuw Zeeland] Christchurch [Anglican Canterbury Association], Dunedin [Free Church of Scotland], Otago [1862: New Zealand Gold Rush]
Chatham Islands: English Prime Minister William Pitt (1708-1778) 1st Earl of Chatham [His son Prime Minister William Pitt the Younger], Cook Islands: Captain Cook [NE: 15 Self-governing islands: Rarotonga, Mangaia, Atiu, Aitutaki, Mauke], Niue Island, Stewart Island, Tokulow, Antipodes Islands, Auckland Islands, Bounty Islands, Campbell Island, Kermadec Islands, Snares Islands, Solander Island, 3 Kings Islands

Solomon Islands [Melanesia]1870-1911: 30,000+ islanders slavery on plantations in Fiji & in Queensland. 1978: Commonwealth Nation: Islands: Choiseul, Guadalcanal [1942-1943: Allied vs Japanese Forces], Malaita, New Georgia, San Cristobal, Santa Isabel, Bellona, Rennell, Santa Cruz Islands, Bougainville, Buka, & a few smaller islands in the northern part of the chain part of Papua New Guinea

Vanuatu: Our Land [New Hebrides: New White Cow] (Pron. vah noo AH too) 1774: James Cook names islands after Scottish Hebrides 1906-1980: Condominium Agreement: England & France jointly govern, 1980: Independance. SW Pacific: 80 islands. Largest: Espiritu Santo [Language Bislama], Malakula, Efate [Port-Vila the capital], Erromango, Tanna

New Caledonia: New Sea Holly [Melanesia] 1774: James Cook names South Pacific Islands 1,200 miles NE of Australia after Latin word for Scotland, 1853-Present: Overseas French Territory

Fiji [Melanesia: Black Islands] 1970: Independant from England. University of the South Pacific located on Fiji to the S. of Kiribati

Kiribati [Gilbert Islands / Micronesia] (Pron. KIHR uh bas) Central Pacific NE of Australia. Independant & uses Australian $. Contains Gilbert Islands (16), Banaba Island, Line Islands: 11: Caroline, Flint, Kiritimati-Christmas Island [1952: Operation Grapple: RAF detonate 10–12-kiloton Blue Danube nuclear weapons similar to Nagasaki bomb. 1957: Thermonuclear prototype bomb detonated. 2002: Curtin Wackenhut Correction’s Immigrant detention center. 3 year olds have been placed with their parents in punishment cells, teenagers sew lips together while on hunger strikes Jails asylum seekers], Malden, Starbuck, Tabuaeran-Fanning, Teraina-Washington, Vostok // Jarvis, Kingman Reef, Palmyra [US possessions] & Phoenix Islands

Tuvalu: 8 Standing Together [Ellice Islands: Edward Ellice / Micronesia]

Tonga: South [Polynesia] 1865: Death of the last Tu’i Tonga, 1970: Independance: King Tauf’ahau Toupou IV (pronounced TAHNG guh) 150 Islands in the South Pacific Ocean 3,140 E of Australia. Tongatapu the largest island

Alois Klaubauf, a boy from Langenstein, shot by Chief of Staatspolizeileitstelle Linz: Linz State Police during a SS hunting party. Because the SS rules with absolute power in the area, inside & outside the camps, local civilians are endangered; investigations of local police forbidden by GeStaPo-Linz. Geheimnis StaatPolizei: Secret State Police Linz

Linz Hitler’s birthplace.

SS exchange uniforms with Luftwaffe & German Army POWs, escaping into the mountains of Austria & Bavaria in 1945. Otto Skorzeny’s comrades get passport stamps from the American Linz Discharge office. (129)

President: Wilhelm Miklas
Chancellor: Arthur Seyß-Inquart
WWI Tyrolean Kaiserjäger, Vaterländische Front: Caesar: Emperor’s Hunters, Fatherland Front. Nuremberg Trials: Guilty of planning, initiating & waging wars of aggression; war-crimes; & crimes against humanity. Gustav Steinbauer Defense. He was hanged on October 16, 1946.
Matthausen Arbeiteinsatz Commander: Franz Ziereis
1955: After World War II, Austria divided into American, British, French, & Soviet zones of occupation. To obtain its independence, Austria agreed to be permanently neutral in international military affairs.
1969: Vienna site of SALT: Strategic Arms Limitation Talks between Soviet Union & United States. Vienna the home of a number of UN agencies.
1986-1992: NAZI President Kurt Waldheim
2000: President Jörgorg Haider’s pro-Nazi statements cause political sanctions by European Union. Haider resigns. Sanctions lifted.

Die Grabeln [Mass Graves] Elbigenalp-St. Peter’s Cemetery, Metnitz-St-Michel Chapel [Plague: Harvest comes as long before Michaelmas as dog roses bloom before Midsummer. 813: St. Michael known as the Angel of Death: many cemetery chapels are named for him. Michael’s name means in Hebrew, Who is like God? Guardian of the souls of the dead, weighing their good & bad deeds in his scales], Breitenwang Chapel [plague], Elmen Chapel, Scattwald Church [Plague], Hallstatt Salzkammergut : Imperial Salt Chamber [Prehistoric saltmine in Oberösterreich: Upper Austria by the Hallstättersee. Banned to visiters until the 19th century by the Salzkammergut: Imperial Salt Chamber under Franz Joseph I Hapsburg. 3000+ graves dating 1100 B.C. & more disturbingly, bodies of miners with implements buried near the old graves. Grave artifacts robbed & stored at the Besuch des Prähistorischen Museums], Bad Ischl Ebensee: Bath Ischl PlaneSea [Franz Joseph I Hapsburg’s WWI concentration camp. Mitter Weissenbach. Gunskirchen inhabitants death marched to Matthausen]

KL Gusen I: Kellerbau: Celler Buildings: Langenstein: Longstone [1939: Forced labor. 2000+ die 2.8 miles from Matthausen: Prisoners ordered to build tunnels under the hills surrounding the camp: Kellerbau: Cellar Buildings. January 1944, similar tunnels built beneath the village of Sankt Georgen by the inmates of Gusen II sub-camp (code-named Bergkristall) with 11,000 prisoners working underground.KZ Hartheim: Hartheim Castle [Gas chamber inside the castle. Aktion T 4: Tiergartenstraße: Animal Garden Street: SS-Hauptsturmfuehrer Karl Chmielewski has the Marienberger Order under Mathilde Weber murder handicapped German & Austrian civilians with carbon-monoxyde. 32,000+ killed between 1942-1943 1946: Simon Wiesenthal’s KZ Mauthausen claims Mauthausen Commandant Franz Ziereis gassed 4 million to death with carbon monoxide at Hartheim satellite camp with 10 million more in Poland, Lithuania & Latvia.]

KL Gusen II: Bergkristall-Bau: Mountain Crystal-Building: St. Georgen [At Sankt Georgen an der Gusen, Perg District, Upper Austria between Luftenberg: Air City & Langenstein: Long Stone. 40.000 m of tunnels & caverns dug beneath St. Georgen for the Messerschmitt Me 262 fuselages. Gas chambers, crushed priests, lynching, starvation, cannibalism, shot, 600 beaten to death, 420 children between 4 & 7 / 1300+ adults exterminated with heart-injections by Josef Mengele. organs harvested by Dr. Helmut Vetter of IG-Farben & Leverkusen with the SS Medical Academy at the University of Graz, 1945: Red Cross Delegate Louis Haefliger, asks Albert Kosiek to prevent the murder of 25,000 Gusen inmates. The SS planned to blast all of them up with high-explosives in the KZ Gusen I & II tunnels along with the local population of St. Georgen & Gusen, to kill any potential witnesses at later trials. In some trials of the Nuremberg Military Tribunal the term St. Georgen granite works used to prevent the use of locations like Mauthausen or Gusen.]

KL Gusen III: Lungitz [At Lungitz, Katzdorf: Cat Town, Perg District, Upper Austria. 1942: SS find a grave yard from the Bronze Age. Local population forced by US-troops to bury 100s of corpses SS guards leave behind]

KL Gusen IV: St. Aegyd am Neuwalde: Saint Aegynd at New Forest

Außenlager: Subcamps: At the end of the war the list included 101 camps (including 49 major sub-camps) which covered all of Austria. Sub-camps categories: Produktionslager: Factory Camps, Baulager: Construction Camps, Aufräumlager for cleaning the rubble in Allied-bombed towns, Kleinlager: Small camps where inmates worked for SS.
Upper Austria: Linz I, Linz II: Nebenlager Schörgenhub: Work Camp Close to Schörgenhub
Linz III: Kleinmünchen: Little Men-Ebelsberg: Ebels Mountain [Hermann Goering. Little Men are the supernatural kobolds: goblins who live in the mountains & guard the salt mines]
Wels I: Ebensee Wels[Wels, Traun River near Linz, Upper Austria], Wells II
Ebensee Lambach KL Enns[Linz-Land District: Enns River], KL Steyr-Munichholz [Steyr City, Steyr-Land District, S. of Linz: Puch-Daimler plant. The Erzberg: Ore Mountain has a lot of iron ore] KL St. Valentin [SE. of Linz. Mauthhausen subcamp Nibelungenwerk tank factory]
Lower Austria: KL Amstetten [E. of Linz on the way to Vienna. 2 camps: 1 for male: Männenerlager & 1 for female: Frauenlager. Bezirk Amstetten: Amstetten District], KL Hollenstein: Light Rock [Hollenstein an der Ybbs Town: Amstetten District], KL Melk: Milk [Melk District: Crematorium], KL Mistelbach am der Zaya[Lower Austria, Near Slovakia]
Wien-Afa- Werke, Wien-Schwechat I: Wien-Florisdorf I: Heidfeld: Heatherfield [E. Vienna: Henkel Factory] Wien-Schwechat II: Wien-Florisdorf II: Vienna-Flowertown II: Wien-Schwechat III: Wien-Florisdorf III: Santa: SaintWien-Kaiserebersdorf: Emperor’s Vine Town, Wien-Jedlesee [Vienna is the capital & largest city of Austria. It lies on the Danube River in the northeastern part of the country. Soviet & Allied troops occupied Vienna 1945-1955. The city was rebuilt, including the opera-house], Wien-Hinterbrühl: Beyond the Brühl [Hinterbrühl Town, Mödling District. Camp at Seegrotte: Underground Sea Caverns producing parts for the Me 262 jet fighter. Europe’s largest underground lake], Wien-Mödling Wien-Maria-Lanzendorf, Wien-Schönbrunn / Kraftfahrtechnische Lehranstalt [Schönbrunn Palace Imperial home of Hapsburgs. Marie Louise was not permitted to go with Napoleon when he was exiled. She & her son lived at Schönbrunn. She received the Italian duchies of Parma, Piacenza, & Guastalla in 1816 & governed them until her death in 1847], Wien-West / Saurer-Werke, Wiener Hirtenberg [Womens’ camp staffed by female guards], Wiener Neudorf: New Town [Mödling District]Wiener Neustadt: Viennese New State / Raxwerke GmbH[R.A.X Enterprises: S. of Vienna: Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I born here],
Aflenz [Steyer]
Attnang-Puccheim: Pucc Home
BretsteinFrankenburg am Hausruck: French Castle on Househitch, Graz: Grace[Puch Factories: 2nd largest city in Austria. Castle Schloßberg. Capital of Styria Province on Mur River close to Hungary & Slovenia]
Grein / Donau: Black Abyss
Groß-Raming: Bachmanning
Groß-Raming: Dipoldsau
Groß-Raming: Weyer [Nebenlager]
Waldwerke I: Gunskirchen: Forest Work I: Guns Churches [Sammellager: Assembly Camp]
KL Lenzing [Womens’ Camp]
Schloß Lind: Castle Lind / St. Lambrecht [Mens’ Camp & Womens’ Camp staffed by female guards]
KL Loibl-Pass Nord [In Klagenfurt, the Capital of Carinthia. Loibl-Pass Süd in Slovenia-ex Yugoslavia: Universale Hoch und Tiefbau in charge of tunnels]
KL Schloß Mittersill / Zell am See [S. of Salzburg]
Moosebierbaum
Passau I: Oberilzmühle [Pre-War Austro-German Border. Latin: Castra Batava]
Passau II: Lindau / Waldwerke Passau-Ilzstadt: Forest Work Passau-Ilz City
Passau III: Jandelsbrunn
Peggau I: Eisenertz: Iron Ore [Center of country], Peggau II: Leibnitz [Stonebreaking]
KL Ried / Inn [Inn River]
Ternberg
Vöcklabrück I: , Vöcklabrück II: Vöcklabrück-Wagrain
Vöcklamarkt: Alpang-Schlier-Redl-Zipf
Zistersdorf [Petrol Gas]
Marienberger Komturia: KZ Innsbrück-Reichnau [Capital of Tyrol Province. Brenner Pass between Innsbrück & Bolzano Italy in the Alps. Habsburg Tyrolese rulers in 1300s & 1400s.]
Marienberger Komturia: KZ Admont-Frauenberg: Admont-Womens’ Mountain [Under the jurisdiction of the Higher SS & Police Leader Alpenland. 5 wooden barracks. The Alpine Forelands lie south of the Granite Plateau. The region is made up of hills & low mountains]
KZ Lackenbach: Salmon Bach [Zigeunerlager: Gypsy camp in Burgenland S of Vienna near Hungary.]
KZ Zwätzen [Burgenland bordering Slovakia & Hungary. After Anschluß NAZIs forced the population to build the Ostwall a.k.a Zhelezniy zanaves: Iron Curtain containing barbed wire & landmines. It was finally taken down with the Berlin Wall in 1989]
KZ Salzburg-Maxglan: Salt Mountain [Zigeunerlager: Gypsy Camp. Salzbourg’s 13th century plague graves. Capital of Salzburg Province in the Alps]
Marianberger Komturia: KZ Moschendorf [Arbeitserziehungslager: Arbeit: Labor Erziehung: Education]
Marianberger Komturia: KZ Sterzig[Arbeitserziehungslager: Labor Education Camp]
Marianberger Komturia: KZ Oberlanzendorf Wien: Overland Town Vienna

Yucayos, a tribe of the Taíno, the 1st people Cristoforo Colombo: Christopher Columbus encountered in 1492. He massacred, raped, enslaved them. Yuca tree.

Militärverwaltung: Military Governors: 1940: Karl Rudolf Gerd von Rundstedt & Fedor von Bock
1940-1944: Reichskommissar Alexander Freiherr von Falkenhausen: Netherlands, Belgien-Nordfrankreich: Belgium & Northern France
1944-1945: Joseph Grohé
SD Security Officer for Paris, Northern France & Belgium: Helmut Knochen President Charles de Gaulle grants a pardon in 1962. Retired in Baden-Baden.

Waffen SS Legion Wallonie: Alfred Graf

Waffen SS ‘Langemarck’ Legion Flandern: René Lagrou

Vlammsch Nationaal Vervond: Flemish National Alliance: Staf de Clercq
Die Wacht am Rhein: Watch on the Rhine: Ardennes Offensive: Battle of the Bulge SS’s attempt to seperate the US-British Army. Otto Skorzeny’s English-speaking German soldiers wearing allied uniforms & dog-tags taken from POW corpses change sign-posts, misdirect traffic, seize bridges on the Meuse River a.k.a the Maas River. Hitler agrees to pull back forces after a snowstorm kills off the troops, freezes weapons. Videogame. Battlefield 1942
After the war Skorzeny (now dead), escaped the deNazification camp & lived in Mt Warzmann, Bavaria as Rolf US Stennbauer. Escaped through the Zillertau to Italy & then to Spain. (129)
1948: Benelux: Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg tariff elimination on trade among themselves.

Die Wacht am Rhein Cities: Baugnez [Operation Stösser: Colonel Friedrich August von der Heydte’s Fallschirmjäger Kampfgruppe machine-gun Allied Troops], La Gleize [SS under Peiper abandon vehicles & escape], Stavelot [SS Fuel stations blown up], Stoumont [American engineers blow up the bridge as SS invade], St. Vith & Bastogne [SS Bomb], Trois-Ponts: 3-Bridges [Destroyed]

Region: Flanders / Flandern: N
Reichsgau Flandern a.k.a Devlag: Landsleider van het Vlaamsche Volk-Hoofd van het Vlaamsche Bevrijdingscomité: Jef Van de Wiel. (Reichsgau is a regional commander)
Cities: Bruges / Brugge: City of Bridges
KZ Mecheln / CC Malines L’antichambre de la mort: Antichamber of Death [Antwerp / Anvers, Flanders. Sea-port town. Reich Security Sammellager: Assembly camp. 28 convoys of 25,257 prisoners shipped from Malines to Auschwitz. Malines-Terneuzen Railway. 1,207 survived (148) V: Vergeltungswaffe: Supersonic Rocket Jet Engine Flyer carrying 2,000 lb bomb designed by Wehrner von Braun, later director of NASA’s Marshall Space Flight Center’s Saturn V. Dr Kenneth Hartman recalls 3,709 VI & V2s dropped on Antwerp. 4,239+ dead, 6,362+ wounded Oct 7, 1944-Mar 30,1945 (125). Pictorial works executed in the Maler Stube: Painter’s Room. Artists made to tattoo prison numbers on inmates & paint portraits of NAZI leaders & signs. Artists: Spicker-Awret, Félix Nußbaum of Ostende, Léon Landau of Antwerp, Irène Spicker & husband Azriel Awret of Brussels, Jacques Ochs of Liège]

Ieper / Ypres [WWI: Kindermörd: Child Murder demolished by artillery bombs. poison gas]

Region: Duchy of Brabant: Central
KZ Breendonck / CC Breendonk [Military fort on the Brussels to Antwerp highway. Brussels is in Brabant Duchy. Jewish people’s cards stamped Juif-Jood. Auffangslager: Waiting Camp received Jews & political prisoners before their transfer to Germany. Starvation, grass eating, tortures, hangings, shootings. People herded into wooden sheds. SS guards: Wijss, De Bodt & Pellemans. Before the Allies came the last prisoners were death-marched to Vught.]

KZ Saint-Gilles / CC Saint-Gilles[Brussels. SS Volksgrenadier & SS Hasso von Manteufel Panzer Divison]

Region Wallonia / Wallonie [Love]: S:
Reichsgau Wallonien a. k.a Rex: Léon Degrelle

KZ Huy [Fortress]

KZ Louvain / CC Louvain [Prison]

Iijkenweg Limburg [Corpse Road Limburg]: Corpse Road runs from St Anna Chapel, De Laak, Ohé en Laak, Limburg to the Echt Church. 1632: Josine Walburgis, Countess von Löwenstein Rochefort Wertheim, princess-abbess of Thorn-Limburg
Hofjes [Almshouse / Poorhouse / Workhouse]: Information greatly appreciated.
1568: 80 Years’ War: William of Orange (assasinated) fails to drive The Duke of Alba from the Netherlands. Ends with independence of the United Provinces.
1890: Princess Wilhemina of Holland a Grand Guignoler.
1916: Central Statistical Bureau of Holland tracks import & export data on Hollerith machines.
1923: Amsterdam City Electricity Works becomes the 1st public utility in the world to use an actual punchcard as a regular customer bill.
1930: Hollerith machines sort the 1930 census. Friedrich Zahn president
1932: Amsterdam’s Zuider Zee (pronounced ZY duhr ZAY), an inlet of the North Sea, cut off by a dike. New freshwater lake: IJsselmeer (pronounced EYE suhl mehr).
1936: DeHoMag printing center set up in the Netherlands
1941: Hitler orders Decree V06/41 the Dutch census under Lentz

Commissioner for the Occupied Netherlands: Artur Seyß-Inquart
Secretary General for Internal Affairs: Mussert, K. J. Frederiks LL.M
Höhere SS und Polizeiführer: Police Chief Rauter

Volunteer Legion Niederlande / 34th Dutch SS ‘ landstorm Nederland’: 2600 man regiment under General De Ruyter. The general shot himself on the battle field rather than fall into enemy hands in Ozoli Hill. Untersturmführer Schluifelder, Obersturmführer Behler. Sturmann Gerardus Mooyman 1st West European volunteer to receive the Knight’s Cross decoration after singlehandedly destroying 14 Soviet tanks in 1 day in February 1943.
1944: Winter Famine
Gilze-Rijen’s, Gravenhage: means The Count’s Hedge: Hague Graves [(skrah vun HAH kuh): Germans launched V-2 rockets. Allies bombed The Hague 50 times before freeing it in 1945
1948: Benelux: Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg tariff elimination.

Hollerith Arbeitseinsatz 005: Hollerith Workdeath 005: KZ Herzogen-Busch / CC Vught-Hertogenbosch / Den Bosch: The Woods[Karl Chmilewski. SS Grünewald: Green forest division: Adam Gruenewald. Judendurchgangslager: Jewish Processing, Schutzhaftlage: Belgian & Dutch political prisoners, Women’s Camp]

KZ Westerbork[Durchgangslager: Transportation Camp. D.A. Syswarda, former psychiatric hospital administrator appointed Director. 1939 103.000 Jews transported in 1942 alone. Orphan School, hair-dresser, orchestra, restaurant. (Virtual 144) Boulevard of a 1,000 Sighs: Transport to the extermination camps every Tuesday. Now a museum where you can see the window where Anne Frank was interred.]
Hooghalen [Koninklijke Marechaussee: Royal Constabulary under Master Sergeant Albert de Jong. Accompany columns of Jews, men, women, & children, to & from the railroad station in Hooghalen to or from camp Westerbork], Leeuwarden
Moerdijk
Prins Bernhard (Tweede 195), Rozendaal
KZ Sint Michielsgestel: Saint Michael’s Stand
Valkenburg par Leiden [Luftwaffe airfield] (CC List 160)
KZ Schoorl [SS-Untersturmführer: Johann Cornelis Stöver. SS-Hauptscharführer: Karl Peter Berg. British, French & Belgium citizens from age 16 & up. Closed in 1941 & inmates & administration moved to Amersfoort.]

PDA: Polizeiliches Durchgangslager Amersfoort / KZ Amersfort[SS-Obersturmführer: 1st Lieutenant: Walter Heinrich.
SS Shutzhaftlagerführer II: 2nd SS-Protective Custody Camp Commander: Karl Peter Berg (sentenced to death in 1948)
SS-Unterschutzhaftlagerführer Joseph Johann Kotälla: Before the war, in 1938, he was diagnosed as mentally disturbed
SS-Hauptsturmführer: SS-Captain Dr. Alphons Brendel & Paul Anton Helle.
Durchgangslager: Exit Camp in Amsterdam. 1939: Dutch Army Command built barracks on the moor of Leusden on the outskirts of Amersfoort, along a sandy road leading into the direction of Maarn/Doorn. 18, August 1941: NAZI police & High SS Staff Company take over to liquidate the 820 Jewish citizens living in the area & 9,000 prisoners. 17 wooden barracks, electric barbed wire fence with an apple tree outside called the Appelweg: Apple Way. 27 September 1941: 101 Russian POWs, transfers from Camp Schoorl 1st internees. 22 Russians died of starvation. 2 Russians ordered killed by Doctor van Nieuwenhuysen. The skulls placed as trophies on his desk. Remainder liquidated with shots to the neck. De Stenen Man: the Stone Man: ditch digging for 63 mass graves, het lijkenhuis: mortuary, pre-mature burials, dysentery, typhus, pneumonia, lice, firing squads. Kotälla’s Rose Garden concrete posts with rolls of barbed wire. de Bunker : 22 death cells. (Cympm 194) 1942: Camp enlarged. Prisoners: Roma, Jehovah’s Witnesses, homosexuals, butchers, black market traffickers, Protestant & Roman Catholic clergy, resisters, hostages. Hollerith ID number sewn on tunic & trousers.1943: 28,000+ processed & transfered to KZ Vught & then Poland for extermination. 1945: Joop Swaanswijk, a radio operator & Council of Resistance: R.V.V: Raad Van Verze buried alive. 475 survivors at liberation. Records held at the ITS: International Tracing Service archives in Bad Arolsen, Germany. After the war an additional 59 mass graves were discovered by Mr. Gerrit Kleinveld, the only escapee from De Bunker.]

Bénin City [Capital of the Bénin Empire. Bénin sculpture recounts the arrival of the Portuguese, in brass plaques & statuary. Bénin resisted signing a protectorate treaty with Great Britain through most of the 1880s-1890s. After 8 British representatives killed, a Punitive Expedition of 1897, under Admiral Sir Harry Rawson, conquered & burned the city, looted the sacred busts, displaying them in museums. Vicariate Apostolic of Benin says the 1902 population less than half a million], Porto-Novo: Newport [1600: Portuguese trading post. 1770: Center of the slave trade. 1960: Capital of Benin on an inlet of the Gulf of Guinea. Railroad & Oueme River connect the city with the interior country]

Brong Ahafo [Slaves for West African gold mines, ivory, kola nuts, sorghum & wheat plantations, shea butter, ostritch feathers, cloth]

Dahomey [1660: Kingdom invaded by French Franciscan missionaries. 1674: Dominican Father Gonsalvez & companions poisoned; 1699: An Augustinian escapes death by flight. No further attempt to plant the Faith in Dahomey is recorded until 1860, when Fathers Borg Fernandez, of the then newly founded Lyons Society of African Missions, arrived. Vicariate Apostolic of Dahomey established. 1880: France invades, women raped by French soldiers. Palm oil plantations. Ga people starved to death. 1892: French military expedition captures & exiles King Behanzim.]

Ketu [Home of the Ewe people. Fon a subdivision of the Ewe. Yam Festival September 19th. Slavery in the Ghana goldmines & saltmines]

Gurupi River Valley [1928: Urubu pacified],

Palmares [1697: quilombo destroyed. Zumbi (1655-1695), leader flees & killed]

Minas Gerais [1695: gold plundered & mined financing Europe’s Industrial Revolution], Copacabana [Incan City]

Rio Doce Valley: 12 River Valley[1911: Pacification of the Botocudo Indians] (Vidas Lusófonas: 152),

Rio de Janeiro: River of January [Inhabitants of Rio are called cariocas: white man’s house. 1555: Sir Francis Drake, a slave trader in the Carribean, destroys 2.5 million Brazilian Tupi-Guarani & Tapuya. 1831: Caxias’ police battalions. 1900: bubonic plague.Instituto Soroterápico Federal : Federal Serum-Therapeutic Institute: Baron Pedro Afonso &Instituto de Manguinhos o Diretoria Geral de Saúde Pública: Public Health General Board: Oswaldo Cruz]

Pará [yellow fever], Salvador [1530-1767: Capital], Brasilia [1960: Replaced Rio as capital]

Parana [NAZI Dr. Josef Mengele performs abortions without anesthesia]

Santa Catarina: Saint Grain Queen Protector [1914: Rondon pacifies the Xokleng & receives the Livingstone Prize from the American Geographical Society],

São Paulo: Saint Paul [‘Jesuit priests such as Manoel da Nóbrega & José de Anchieta founded several towns in Brazil in the 16th century, including São Paulo & Rio de Janeiro, & were very influential in the pacification, religious conversion & education of Indian nations’ 1847: Santos to São Paulo: Coffee exports from fazendas: plantations through English railroads. 1912: Rodon pacifies Kaingáng Indians. Nominated for a Nobel Peace Prize. 1920: 350,000 to 10 million bags. 2004: Brazil supplies half the world’s coffee. Coffee is the 2nd most valuable commodity in world trade next to oil (Wallach 91)], Mato Grosso [Ferronorte railroad connects to Santos Port], Itacoatiara [Private barges float a million tons of Brazilian beans down the Madeira River to the Amazon where the crop is removed by giant vacuums & dumped in freighters (Wallach 91); Madeira River: Wood River: Parintintim pacified. Rondon demands that each pacified tribe is protected by the Army &, later, by the State. He demarcates each tribal territory & tries to register it as the collective property of the tribe] Sepotuba [1918: Umotina pacified], Rio das Mortes Valley: River of the Dead Valley [1946: Xavante pacified. 1952: Xingu Indigenous Park, 1953: Rondon inaugurates the Museum of the Indian]

1976: Colonel Jean-Baptiste Bagaza Watutsi-dominated military regime. According to Wikipedia his ‘human rights record deteriorated as he suppressed religious activities & detained political opposition members.’
1987: Major Pierre Buyoya’s CSMN: Military Committee for National Salvation: 150,000+ killed
1993: Burundi Civil War: Wahutu President Melchior Ndadaye kidnapped & assasinated. Government fighting against rebels. Tens of thousands killed

Usumbura [1968: Capital. Police state with barricaded checkpoints, french-speaking military with machine guns, semi-automatic weapons & tanks]

Bujumbura [Capital City. NE corner of Lake Tanganyika. Boats carry goods to Kigoma in Tanzania, & Kalemi in Congo. 1884: Germany seizes. 1899: Burundian king Mwezi Gisabo against German armed forces. 1905-1914: half of the population is starved to death.]

Mpamarugama Camp [N. Area of Giteranyi, close to Rwanda border]

Muyinga [16 camps in this province alone]

Angkar: Khmer Rouge
King Norodom Sihanouk
chosen by the Vichy Government in 1941
President: Khieu Samphan (alive)
Prime Minister: Nuon Chea (alive)
Pol Pot’s brother-in-law
General Secretary: Saloth Sar Pol Pot (dead)
Deputy Prime Minister: Ieng Sary (alive)
SW Regional Secretary: Ta Mok ‘Chhit Chhoeun’ (alive)
Defense Minister: Son Sen (executed )
Defense Minister: Yun Yat (dead)
North Zone Regional Secretaries: Ke Pauk (dead) & Ieng Thirith (alive)

British Home Children: My Father was a reserved and solitary man, who quietly stood at the fringe of conversations when others spoke of their past or families. His family was a mystery to him. He did not know who he was. He never had a Birth Certificate, and for the first 33 years of his life, had nothing to verify who he was. From the age of 33-48, he carried a tattered “To Whom it May Concern” letter for identification. It stated his name and identified him as “of British nationality.” For the first half of his life, he had serious doubts if his surname was really “Snow.” He wondered if someone had simply invented it and assigned it to him. When he was 48 years old, he obtained a Baptism Certificate that confirmed his name, and identified his Mother, but not his Father. From the age of 48-64, this was all he had for identification. When he was 64 years old, he received his Canadian Citizenship. All his life, he tried to identify his Parents and Family – and find out who he was. He became a ward of the Church of England Society for Providing Homes for Waifs & Strays when he was 4 years old in 1913. They placed him in a foster home in a small village in England from the age of 4-12. They then transferred him to a Home for Boys from the age of 12-15. When he was 15, they gave him the “choice” of emigrating to Australia or Canada. No one wanted him in England. They shipped him to Canada and sent him to work on farms in Ontario and Quebec. He was part of the little-known British Child Emigration Scheme. 50 childcare organizations emigrated 100,000 children between 1880-1930 to Canada. These children ranged in age from 6-15 years old, and were known as “The Home Children.” The organizations professed a dominant motive of providing children with better lives than what they might have had in England, but they had other ignoble motives. Children worked as indentured farm labourers in harsh conditions until they were 18 years old. They were not allowed to go to school. They were not entitled to medical care. They had little protection under the law. They were not paid for their farm labour of 16 hours per day and 6 days per week. A third to a half of these children were neglected and abused, because the British organizations did not provide adequate inspections of their placements. They operated outside the control of the fledgling colony of Canada. The British Home Children were not voluntary “migrants” who “emigrated” to new lands. They were commodities that were deported because they were unwanted in Britain. The organizations expelled, banished, abandoned, and forgot them. A ‘scheme’ can be defined as a visionary plan, a foolish project, or a selfseeking, and underhanded plot. I prefer to call it the British Child Deportation Scheme. – Professor Snow

Nestlé Mickey Toys: Beijing, Peking
1987: Their address is the Tiantanghe Labor Camp. Xin’an Female Labor Camp in Nanyuan produces 110,000 Nestlé toy rabbits in 2001. There are 180+ labor camps in China. Companies utilizing prison labor are exempt from income tax. ‘China has a vast forced labor camp system & perhaps the most secretive & widely feared penal system in the world.’ – Wu Hongda, Laogai Research Foundation

Guolaosi: Worked to Death
Bainan Toy Factory, Soonggang
19-year-old Li Chunmei died after working a 16-hour shift at the Bainan Toy Factory in Soonggang. Guolaosi: over- work death applies to young workers who suddenly collapse and die after working exceedingly long hours, day after day. Local journalists say many of them are never documented but estimate that dozens die under such circumstances every year in the Pearl River Delta area alone. Zhu Jiang: Pearl River also known as the Canton River (122: 1)

McDonald’s: Sewco Toy Factory
Zhongshan District, Ghangzhou / Guangzhou (pronounced gwahng joh) / Yangcheng: City of Goats / Canton City
Spray painters supplied only a gauze mask. Workers operating dyeing machines lost half of their right palms & all of their fingers in accidents. 16 hour work day for 9.8 yuan. 45 yuan for temporary resident permit fee, 30 yuan deposit, 5 yuan monthly labour management fee & 60 yuan for food. After all charges & fees are deducted from the monthly wages, workers are left with nothing.
City founded 214 BC by Emporer Shi Huangdi & part of the Silk Trade. Until 1960, 1000s of Cantonese lived on boats anchored in the Zhu Jiang: Peal River. Since then, the government has moved these people into apartments. (World Book: Parris Chang)

Qualidux Toy
Longgang District, Shenzen, Pearl River Delta
Henggang [Toy workers in 10 factories studied by the AMRC paid less than minimum wage & forced to work overtime in excess of hours stipulated by Chinese labor law]

Chicco Toy: Zhili Toy Factory
Shenzhen: Deep Drain Port, Pearl River Delta

More than 60% of the toys sold in Canada are made in China. billion global industry. Kwai Yong, Shenzhen [Heavy mesh covered the windows. Doors at the bottom of the factory’s only stairway were locked to prevent workers making 7¢ an hour from leaving before they had met their daily quotas. When the last flame was doused, 87 workers were dead. Scores of others injured in 1993.]

Liaoning / Fengtian / Fengtien Province: Manchuria Shenyang (pron. shuhn yahng) / Mukden [Capital on the bank of the Hun River. Tombs of the Manchu emperors. Province extends to Huang Hai: Yellow Sea. 1904-1905: Russo-Japanese War: Russians occupy, Cathay. 1931: Japanese occupy. Huang Hai: Yellow Sea a 300 ft deep, 480,000 sq mile arm of the Pacific Ocean that extends inland for 400 miles between the east coast of China & Korea. The Huang He: Yellow River carries deposits of yellow earth: huangtu to the Yellow Sea. Qingdao lies on China’s coast on the southern shore of the Shandong Peninsula. At the north, the Yellow Sea forms Laizhou Bay, Bo Gulf, Liaodong Gulf, & Korea Bay]

Heilongjiang / Heilungkiang / Sahaliyan ula Province [Black Dragon River]: Manchuria: Harbin [1895: Capital City on Songhua / Sungari River, a tributary of the Heilongjiang a.k.a Amur, Manchuria established by Russia as a railroad administration center. Manchurian Railways. 1932-1945: Governed by Japan. Exports soybeans & wheat flour.]

Jilin / Chi-lin / Kirin Province [Auspicious Forest]: Manchuria [1896: Chinese Eastern Railway across Manchuria to the Russian port of Vladivostok.]

German Kiautshou a.k.a Shandong / Shantung Province [Rough Woven Silk]: Eastern Manchuria. Jiao’ao-Qingdao-Ch’ing-tao-Tsingtao [1860: Freiherr Ferdinand von Richthofen. 1898-1914: Admiral von Tirpitz’ SeeBattalion III: German East Asia Squadron. Reichsmarineamt: Navy administers area rather than the Reichskolonialamt: Colonial Office. Imperial German government builds city streets & Tsingtao Brewery in 1903. German influence extended to other areas of Shandong Province, including the establishment of rival breweries. WW I: Admiral Graf von Spee, SMS Cormoran. 1914: Siege of Tsingtao: Japan occupies the city & province under the Anglo-Japanese Alliance 1922: Republic of China], Lushun (pron. lyoo-shun)-Port Arthur-Ryojun [Liaodong Gulf of the Yellow Sea, Dalian Municipality: 1898: Russia, 1905: Japan builds South Manchurian Railway 1954: Russia returns base to China], Weihai-Port Edward [1894-1895: Sino-Japanese War: Beiyang Naval Fleet annihlated. 1898-1930: England seizes under the War Office in London. Naval China Station.]

Jiangxi / Jiangsu / Chiang-hsi / Kiangsu / Kiangsi Province [West of the Long River]: Eastern China Nanking / Nanjing: Southern Capital [南京大屠殺: Nánjīng Dàtúsh&#257 Japanese: 南京大虐殺: Nankin Daigyakusatsu Japanese Imperial Army invasion on Dec 13, 1937 looting & burning the area. US Navy gunboat Panay destroyed. 10,000 corpse ditch, 80,000+ women tortured, raped & killed. Surviving women forced into military prostitution. Babies speared to death with bayonets. Young men machine-gunned, decapitated, & their bodies dumped into the Yangtze-Chiang Jing: Long River. Chinese soldiers death-marched to Shanghai: Near the Sea. Lieutenant General Tani Hisao’s official deathtoll 300,000 at Nanking War Crimes Tribunal 1947. Seen in 2004’s Kuni ga Moeru: The Country is Burning by Hiroshi Motomiya before being pulled from Weekly Young Jump Wikipedia. Capital of Jiangsu Province. 1st Ming ruler made Nanjing: Southern Capital the seat of the dynasty. In the early 1400’s, the Mings moved the capital to Beijing: Northern Capital. Railroads connect Nanjing to Beijing, the capital of China, in the north & to Shanghai in the east.], Jingdezhen [Porcelain], Shanghai: Near the Sea [Largest city in China. Port city on the Huangpu River. 14 miles north, the Huangpu & Yangtze rivers meet & empty into the East China Sea. East China Sea extends north from Taiwan to Japan & Koreas. Shanghai, China, & Nagasaki, Japan, are the main seaports. Iron mines west of the city. Textile mills make cloth from cotton grown in the nearby Yangtze Valley. 1842: Opium War: England forces China to open Shanghai to foreign trade. French, English, USA traders & bankers. They build homes, churches, & office buildings Most Chinese workers live in slums. Battle of Shanghai Japanese capture city in naval bombardment in 1937 against Chiang-Kai-shek. 1967: January Revolution: Red Guards drive Shanghai government from power. 1979: Shanghai returned to civilian rule], Yuntang [Yujiang County, Jiangsi Province. April, 2001: 600 troops attack unarmed villagers. Farmers refused to pay high taxes. Payment had been demanded even in 1998, when floods destroyed the farmers’ crops. Prime Minister Zhu Rongji promised relief, encouraging production of profitable crops like peanuts, sesame & garlic, instead of the traditional rice & wheat. – Professor Bret Wallach]

Anhui / Anhwei / An-hwey / Ngan-hui / Gan-Hwuy Province [Vice Royalty of Kiang-nan] Wan River: North China Plain. Capital: Hefei.

Zhejiang Province [Crooked River] South Central China: Yangtze-Chiang Jing: Long River Valley Hangzhou-Hangchou (pronounced hahn joh) [Song / Sung Dynasty Capital city where the Crooked River is], Ningbo-Ning-po (pronounced nihng bwah) [Just south of Shanghai. 1842: Treaty Port: English trade until 1943. Iron Mines]

Shanxi / Shan-hsi Jin / Shansi Province [Western Mountains] Brick Kilns [State of Zhao]
Foreman Heng Tinghan: Wanted by the government
Lieu Cheng, Professor of Labor Law: Shanghai Normal University: Forced labor & child labor in China are illegal, but some local governments don’t care too much.
Su Jinduo & Su Jinpeng, brother & sister, kidnapped at a Qingdao, Shanghai bus station during Chinese New Year, loaded onto a minibus with other children to a brick factory in the next province. 100s of children & adults have been kidnapped in Central China to work as slaves being fed only water & steamed buns. Parents have petitioned local authorities to crack down on the kilns, banded together to try to rescue their chldren. Local authorities have sometimes turned parents away from the factories in collusion with the kiln owners. Labor Inspectors have taken children from freshly closed kilns & resold them to other factories. (Philip Pan 122)

Shaanxi / Shan-hsi Qin / Shensi Province [Western Mountains]: Next door to Shanxi Province. Qin Ling Mountains. Xi’An or Sian: Western Peace [(pron. shee ahn) Capital. Eastern point of the Silk Road over the Wushao Ling Pass up Wuwei in Kashgar before linking to ancient Parthia: Shape of a Woman. Mausoleum & Terracotta Army of the 1st Ch’In: Pure Dynasty Emperor: Qin Shih Huang Di. a.k.a Chang’an: Perpetual Peace: 1100BC: Zhou Dynasty], Hanzhong [Han Dynasty City]

Sichuan / Ssuch'uan / Szechwan Province [4 Rivers]: 4 streams that flow into the Yangtze-Chiang Jing: Long River. The Yangtze coming east from Tibet, flows through the agriculturally rich & densely populated Red Basin, Sichuan Province. The river then enters gorges extending to Yichang; emerging from them, it crosses the closely cultivated Tangho Basin around Lake Dongting. It then flows east to Nanjing: Southern Capital & the river’s mouth, just north of Shanghai. The provinces N. & S. of the river as it passes through the Tangho Basin are Hubei: North of the Lake & Hunan: South of the Lake. Chungking-Chongqin-Ch’ung-ch’ing, (pronounced chuhng chihng) [115 square mile industrial city is an inland port 1,600 miles up the Yangtze River in Sichuan Province. 1938- 1946. Nationalist government moved to Chongqing after Japanese forces had overrun Nanjing – the capital – & then the temporary capital of Wuhan. It moved the capital back to Nanjing in 1946, after WW II ended. Chongqing was the most heavily bombed city in China during World War II.]

Hubei / Hupeh Province [North of the Lake]

Hunan Province [South of the Lake]

Henan / Honan Province [South of the Yellow River]: Huang He: Yellow River: Villagers selling blood to get money to live on. Luoyang-Chengzu [11th Century BC Zhou Dynasty Imperial Palace], Anyang [Yin Dynasty Tombs]

Hainan Province [Southern Ocean]:Imperial France seizes Hainan Island. Japanese occupy. Province contains 200 Nanhai: South China Sea Islands. The rest of the islands are claimed by Vietnam, Taiwan, Malaysia & the Philippines. The South China Sea is connected to the East China Sea by the Taiwan Strait. The South China Sea includes the Gulf of Tonkin & Gulf of Thailand on the west & Manila Bay on the east. The Mekong & Xi Jiang rivers empty into the sea, & the seaports of Guangzhou-Canton, Hong Kong; Singapore; & Manila, in the Philippines, lie along its coasts.

Fujian / Fukien / Hokkien: SE China: Fuzhou / Fu-chou (pron. foo joh) [On Min River. 1642: Emperor Qing Kangxi orders coastal evacuation. Remnants of Ming Court flee to Taiwan. Coastal areas re-populated with Han hakka: guest families from Hainan & Shaanxi. 1842: Treaty Port opened to English Trade: Tea & Camphor. 1943: England & the USA give up their special rights. Today, China no longer has treaty ports.], Xiamen / Amoy (pron. shee ah muhn) [1600: Portuguese. 1842: Treaty Port: England. Most of the overseas Chinese in SE Asia speak South Fujian dialect], Gulangyu Island [Wealthy], Dehua [Porcelain factories create Chinese Export Porcelain to Europe]

Yunnan Province [South of Cloud Mountains]:South China

Guizhou / Kuei-chu / Kweichow Province: South China

Qinghai / Ch’ing Hai / Tsinghai Province [Blue Lake]: Mekong (pron. MAY kawng) River flows SE. ward from Qinghai province & forms part of the boundary between Thailand & Laos. Amdo [1960-1989: NE Tibet & incorporated into Qinghai Province. Monasteries destroyed. 1 million+ sent to Laogai-Gulags. Qinghai Railway links to Tibet]

Guangxi Region [Vast West]:South China: 4 river tributaries: Zhu Jiang: Pearl River, North, East & West: Xi Jiang / Hsi Chiang (pron. shee jee ahng) connect Guangxi Region & Guangzhou.
‘The highest good is like water. Water excels in giving benefit to all creatures, but never competes. It abides in places that most men despise, & so comes closest to the Tao. ’ – Laozi, Zhuangzi (pron jwahng dzuh) 300 BC ranks with Lao Tzu in development of Taoism & shaped Chan (Zen) Buddhism. Urging that people live spontaneously, calmly accepting inevitable changes – even death. One passage asks: “How do I know hating death is not like having strayed from home when a child & not knowing the way back?’ (133)

Mattel: Zhong Mei Factory
Guangdong / Kwangtung / Guangzhou / Kuang-chou / Canton Province [Vast East]
Xi Jiang: Southern River flows to the mouth of Guangzhou: Canton. Mattel Inc.: Fisher-Price, Tyco, Pleasant Company, Purple Moon, Learning Company.
2007: Mattel’s worldwide product recall of 19 million lead paint toys. China’s factories now produce nearly 80% of the world’s toys. US Toy imports from China rose to 222 billion last year. Everyone tries to bribe the inspectors; Anita Chan Australian National Unversity (McClatchy Newspapers: Tim Johnson & Kevin Hall: 121: 2)
Guangdong Province [Produces exclusively for Mattel. Workers live in dormitories with up to 29 other workers per room. Slave labor, forced overtime, no sick leave. Robert Eckert CEO previously CEO Phillip Morris-Kraft Foods

Hong Kong [Fragrant Harbor]:
Borders Guangdong / Canton Province. Consists of Hong Kong Island, Stonecutter’s Island, Lamma Island, Tung Lung Island, Ping Chau Island, Po Toi Islands, Soko Islands, Lantau Island & surrounding real estate. Kowloon is on the mainland.
1842: Treaty of Nanjing: Hong Kong Island seized by England. The British treated all Chinese immigrants - whether Cantonese peasants or Shanghai tycoons - as 2nd-class citizens only at the last moment granting full citizenship to a favored few. – Professor Brett Wallach
1839: Kowloon Temple destroyed. 1858: Kowloon Peninsula added to Hong Kong
1880-1910: Bubonic Plague
Dec. 8, 1941: Japanese bombers strike the British colony of Hong Kong on the S. coast of China
1997: Hong Kong is now a Special Administrative Region of China, ending 156 years of British colonial rule. Colonial icons such as flags, coats-of-arms, royal mailboxes, police insignia have been removed & replaced, along with the queen’s head on postage stamps. New coins have bauhinia blossoms

Macao / Macau [Àomén / Portuguese Macau]:(pron muh KOW) Macao City, Islands of Taipa & Coloane at the mouth of the Zhu Jiang: Pearl River, Guangdong: Canton Province. Nam Kwong Group / Bank of China: 1557 AD: Portuguese colony on the south China coast
1840: Portugal stopped paying annual rent, Chinese authorities evicted
1966: Riots
1981: Portugal offered citizenship to any child born in the territory with 1 Portuguese parent
1999: Returned to Chinese rule

Lanzhou Zhenglin Nongken Food Ltd
Gansu / Kansu Province [Long Mountain] North Central China: Lanzhou / Lan-chou (pron. lahn joh): The Gateway to China: Silk Road [1988: The biggest production base in China for roasted seeds & nuts. Founded by Taiwanese businessman Lin Ken. Dashaping, Xiguoyuan & Lanzhou Detention Centers inmates used to peel & crack melon seeds with teeth & bare hands in the frost. Blood & pus falling on the seeds marketed as Hand-picked Melon Seeds & exported to more than 30 countries including: the United States, Canada, Australia, France, New Zealand, & SE Asian countries. Those who do not meet their quotas are beaten to death]

Chinese Turkestan / Eastern Turkestan [Xinjiang / Sinkiang: New Frontier]
NW China Silk Road Region covers 17% of China’s land & has 1% of its population. Most of Xinjiang’s 15 million people live on or near oases. A majority of the region’s people are non-Chinese in origin: Turkic Uygurs, Kazak, Kyrgyz, Tajik & people from the Middle East. The Silk Road connected the Middle East with China. Islam the chief religion. China 1st ruled Xinjiang during the Han dynasty. After periods of Uygur & Mongol rule, Xinjiang came under Chinese control again during the Manchu Qing dynasty in 1884 when it was made a Chinese province. Several border disputes with the Soviet Union caused tension. Russia, Kazakstan, Kyrgyzstan, and Tajikistan are the former Soviet republics that border Xinjiang. Xinjiang-Mongolian Uplands (pron. shihn jee ahng). Extends east from W. Turkestan to the Gobi Desert & Tibet, Tian Shan Mountain Range [N.], Kunlun Mountains [S.]. Major cities: Urumqi, Hami, Karamay, Kashi, Yining. Tashorghani [Ancient Capital of the Sarikoli-Tajik Kingdom]

Inner Mongolia: Nei Menggu
North China
1279-1368: Mongol Yuan: Red River Dynasty
1578: Altan Khan Golden King converts to Buddhism. He names Sönam Gyatso: Dalai Lama: Gyatso means Ocean. Dalai means Ocean in Mongolian.
1644: Manchu Qing reorganizes the region
1911: Country Split: Outer Mongolia = Mongolia
1931: Japanese occupy: Mengkukuo
1945: Operation Autumn Storm: Soviets seize, N: Greater Hinggan Range. S: Huang He / Huang Ho: Yellow River (pron. hwahng hu) & its tributaries carved out hills & steep-sided valleys in the huangtu: yellow earth. River runs 2,903 miles. Chinese region 1947.

Ningxia Hui / Ning-hsia: Tranquil Xia Region
North China Borders Inner Mongolia, The Hui are Chinese Muslims. Capital is Yinchuan where the 9 Western Xia Emperors’ Tombs are who ruled from 982-1227.

Bo Fan: Heights / Tibet: Persian for Roof of the World [Xixang: Western Treasure]
SW China
Pamir Mountains [West], Kunlun Mountains [North]: Some of the great rivers of Asia begin in the mountains of Tibet. These include the Brahmaputra, Indus, Mekong, Salween, & Yangtze rivers. All government documents are written in Tibetan & Mandarin Chinese.
Mount Kailash [Annals of Lake Manasarowar: Zhang Zhung civilization had 18 kingdoms in Tibet extending west to Sarmatians, Ladakh & Baltistan, SW to Jalandhar, south to the Kingdom of Mustang in Nepal, E to central Tibet, & N across the Chang Tang plateau & Taklamakan Desert to Shanshan. Bon religious texts are written in Zhang Zhung. 645AD: Emperor Songstän Gampo overruns Zhang Zhung Kingdom & introduces Buddhism. 763 AD: Tang armies invade Bactria & Kashmir, defeating Arab Umayyad-Tibetan forces. Tibetan forces invade China & battle the Tang Rulers for 80 years. 1727-1728: Civil War: Emperor Yongzheng vs 80,000 Dzugars. Tibet falls under the control of China. 1908: Zhao Erfang’s Chinese Magistrates. Sichuan peasants. 1914: Simla Partition: England seizes Arunachal Pradesh (Tibet now India) & recognize Chinese suzerainty over Tibet], Ka-erh [In Western Tibet believed to be the highest town in the world], Shigatse-Xigaze [1774: George Bogle of the British East India Company introduces the 1st potatoes. 1788-1791: British Gurkha regiment from Nepal destroys & plunders the Tashilunpo Monastery], Gyangzê [1904: British Army under Colonal Francis Younghusband kill 5000+ with maxim machine guns. Dalai Lama flees to Urga in Mongolia. British Trade Agent remains in area until 1944], Mount Everest [South In the Himalaya: Abode of Snow Mountains. 1938: NAZI Heinrich Himmler organizes a search in Tibet to find a remnant of white Atlanteans in a mystical area called Shangri-La: Sweet Sunny Day. At the Nuremberg Trials it is said that some SS Men were decapitated & their severed heads were used to talk with dead Eastern philosophers. The Legend of Atlantis is contained in K. Plato’s 399 BC Doric Greek Critias. Hellas-Athenian war in 9399 BC against the Atlantians & their mutual destruction from earthquakes & floods, conveyed to Solon by Egyptian priests. Timagenes claims the survivors of the sinking Atlantis migrated to Western Europe, citing the Druids of Gaule as his source], Lhasa [Founded 600 AD. Gold-Roofed Potala Palace, former home of the Dalai Lama, has 1000 rooms. It is against the law to possess a picture of the Dalai Lama. 1578: Altan Khan: Golden King converts to Buddhism. He names Sönam Gyatso: Dalai Lama. Gyatso means Ocean. Dalai means Ocean in Mongolian. Tibetan Buddhism is Lamaism & Dalai Lama named Ruler of Tibet in the 1600s. 1904: British Mission reaches Lhasa. 1920s: Panchen Lama flees to China with his court, remaining there until his death in 1937. New Panchen Lama enthroned in China in 1944. 1933: Dalai Lama dies. The successor, a peasant boy, Dalai Lama in 1940. 1950-1965: China breaks up large estates of the lamas: monks & nobility, distributing them among the serfs: latin word for slave. 2 Grand Lamas, Dalai Lama, Ruler of Tibet & Panchen Lama: leading spiritual authority: believed to be Buddha born again, authority ended. Peasants required to sell a fixed amount of grain to the government & forced to grow wheat to feed Chinese soldiers. Tibetan children had been sent to the destroyed lamaseries by poor parents who could not pay their debts or taxes. Chinese Government takes control of the airwaves, newspapers, banks, food shops, local government. Tibetans riot. 1959: Dalai Lama exiled to India. 1965: Xixang an autonomous region of China. 1989: Panchen Lama dies. When the Dalai or Panchen Lama dies his spirit is thought to enter the body of a newborn baby boy at the time of death. Monks search the country for a boy born about the same time as the death of the lama who becomes the lama’s successor. Some lamaseries reopen. 1995: Dalai Lama selects the Panchen Lama. Chinese government selects their own Panchen Lama. Tibetan art reflects Chinese & Indian influences, & presents Buddhist themes.]

Taiwan: Terraced Bay [Ilha Formosa: Beautiful Island]
Mountainous island in South China Sea. 1590: Portuguese invaders call it Formosa: Beautiful. 1624-1664: Seized by the Dutch. Koxinga, Chinese Ming Dynasty offical drives them out. 1683: Manchu Dynasty. 1895-1945: Sino-Japanese War: Treaty of Shimonoseki: Seized by Japan. WWII: Americans vs Japanese. 1949: Chiang Kai-shek Government. American forces patrol Formosa Strait during Korean War. Martial law in effect from 1949-1987. – The History Channel. Although Taiwan is the seat of the Chinese Nationalist government, it is administered as a province of China. The Nationalist government controls several islands in the Taiwan Strait, which separates Taiwan & China. These islands include the Quemoy, Matsu, & the Pescadores groups.

1898: Spanish-American War: USS Maine sunk in Havana.
1959: Cuban Revolution: George Washington class Ballistic Missile Submarines
1962: Cuban Missile Crisis: Soviet Union will not remove missiles unless United States promises not to invade Cuba & removes its nuclear missiles from Turkey. Kennedy agrees.
1966-1973: Airlift brings 250,000 Cubans to Miami, Florida, USA
1980: Marielitos: 125,000 put on boats at Mariel Port for Miami.
1994: USA immigration officials send Cuban refugees to USA military bases in Panama & at Guantánamo Bay on Cuba’s coast

• 1912-1947: King Christian X of Denmark (b 1870- d 1947)
• Denmark’s SS. Ministerialdirektor: Werner Best Returned to Germany as legal adviser to the Stinnes group of firms. 1969: arrested on charges of mass murder in Poland, but released

  Institut for Racehygiejne & Eugenik
  SS Sturmbannführer Dr.Carl Vaernet: SS-Runen - SS 1792 & SS 1809
  Human experiments on concentration camp prisoners. Pink Triangle Prisoners cured by synthetic hormone injections, lobotomies & castration. Tortured Roma Gypsies. Injections of Fleck-typhoid. No Trial. Went by Rat-Line North-Route to Sweden & in 1946 escaped to Argentina, continuing his torture at the Buenos Aires Health Department under Perón until his death in 1965. His son Dr. Kjeld Per Vaernet, also a lobotomizer with gruesome records, escaped under Carlos Pineyro’s Danish Ratline: Der Spider to Argentina in 1947. He has been awarded the Dannebrogorder. Icelandic Falkeorder. UN Service Medal. – The Search for Danish KZ

Arhus, Odense: Odin’s Vé: Shrine, Alborg. Ko [Pornography industry]

N. Fryslân [N. Frisian Islands / Jylland: Jutland] Fanø, Esbjerg, Mandø, Rømø, Langli [Denmark’s peninsula, called Jutland, shares a 42-mile border with Germany. It is covered by moraine: earth & stone deposited by melting glaciers 1000s of years ago.]
Skåneland [Scandinavia: Sand Land] Bornholm / Borgundarholm: Burgundians’ Island [Baltic Sea E. Denmark, S. Sweden, & N. Poland. WWII: Captured by Germany: Eastern Front lookout post & listening station. Nazi concrete coastal installations. Danish Naval Officer-in-Charge Lieutenant Commander Hasager Christiansen’s V-1 flying bomb test. May 1945: German Superior Officer Gerhard von Kamptz’s island garrison of 12,000 refuse surrender to the Soviets. Soviet aircraft bomb 800+ civilian houses in Rønne & Nexø Connected to Swedish electricity grid by submarine cable. (Bornholm Museum)]

Friedrich Jeckeln appointed HSSPF in Ostland Eastern Front which encompassed the Baltic countries Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia & parts of Belorussia. Danish Major-General Kryssing imprisoned for 5 years after the war.
1219: Teutonic Knights take control of S. Estonia, & Danish forces conquer N. Estonia. Danes sell their holdings to the Knights in 1346. Serfdom until 1816
1721-1918: Russia. German nobles estates intact.
1941: WWII: Siberia & Germany
1944: Estonian SSR: Soviet Socialist Republic
1991: Independance

Génocide est un mot savant de création récente (ca. 1946) signifiant littéralement le fait de tuer des gens. Ces massacres sont des crimes contre l’humanité commis pour des raisons pseudo-ethniques, eugéniques, politiques, stratégiques, religieuses, racistes, xénophobes ou morale, sur toute une ethnie – Mecanisme du genocide

Latin gentium = nation
730 BC- 381BC: Celtic La Tène: Frankfort limestone hill-graves
258- 274 AD: Gallic Empire vs Roman Emperor Valerian.
357 AD: Roman Emperor Julian the Apostate vs Alamanni in Strasbourg. Lutetia: Raven Place now Civitas Parisiorum.
366-388 AD: Roman Emperor Magnus Maximus a.k.a Macsen Wledig (assasinated by Byzantine Emperor Theodosius).
451 AD: Emperor Valentinian III vs Suevi
Pope Saint Gregory I of Tours’ Historium Francorium states the Franks (Saxon: franca: throwing axe) originally lived in Pannonia, later settling on the Rhine. They adopted their name circa. 11 BC following their defeat & relocation by Drusus: Oak Priests replacing the earlier tribal name Sicambri-Sugambri an offshoot Cimmerians-Scythians
Because the Frankish kingdom dominated Western Europe for centuries, terms derived from Frank were used by many in Eastern Europe, the Middle East, & beyond as a synonym for Roman Christians (e.g., al-Faranj in Arabic, farangi in Persian, Feringhi in Hindustani, farang in Thai, & Frangos in Greek). During the crusades, which were at 1st led mostly by nobles from northern France who claimed descent from Charlemagne, both Muslims & Christians used these terms as ethnonyms to describe the Crusaders. Compare with Rhomaios, Rûmi (Roman), used for Orthodox Christians

Le Théâtre du Grand Guignol: (pron gron geen-yole) In 1897 during The Reign of Terror an ex-private secretary to the Parisian police commissioner, Oscar Méténier, set up the theatre in the Paris Montmartre red-light district specializing in torture plays. It did not close down until 1962. Guignol is a lyonnaise marionnette from 1808 invented by Laurent Mourguet (1769-1844) – Mel Gordon: Grand Guignol: Theatre of Fear & Terror

The Fall of France: 1940: French government flees the capital. June 22: Germany occupies northern 2-3rds of France. S, France remains in control with a new government at Vichy. In November 1942, German troops occupy all France.

33rd French SS Division Charlemagne: Prefecture de Police: Henri Bunle: Hitler orders a French Labor Census. Census information collected by Prefectures. Hitler orders French civilians 18 to 50 to register for the Reich.
France’s Final Solution:SS officer: Carl Albrecht Oberg. Extradited to France by the Americans after the war, Oberg pardoned in 1965 by President de Gaulle. He died the same year.
SS: Hauptsturmführer: Klaus Barbie, the Butcher of Lyon, Head of the French GeStaPo 1942-1944. Escaped to Bolivia with the passport signature of Father Draganovic & lived as Klaus Altmann until his extraditon to France in 1983. Sentenced to life in prison in 1987. His lawyer: Swiss banker François Genou has dedicated himself to the reconstruction of the National Socialist Banking System in preparation for the Fourth Reich. Documented in Saturday Night Live’s Klaus Barbie Heil Hits of 1982 (129)

Vichy France Cabinet:
Premier Ministre: Chief of State: Henri Philippe Pétain (1856-1951) [dies in prison at 95, Marshall of France in 1918 & Minister of War in 1934: pron. ahn REE fee LEEP pay TAN]
Vice Premier: Camille Chautemps & Pierre Laval [executed]
Ministre d’Interior: Andre Marque, Marcel Peyroutont
Milice française : Military Police: SS Joseph Darnand [executed]
SS Commanders: Paul Touvier [convicted in 1993], Jacques de Bernonville [fled to Québec], René Bousquet [murdered]
Ministre des Finances: Yves Bouthillier
Ministers of Industrial Production: Pierre Pucheu, François Lehideux
Ministers of Labour: André Février, René Belin, Charles Pomaret
Ministre de la Justice: Charles Frémicourt, Raphaël Alibert, Joseph Barthélemy
Minister of Foreign Affairs: Pierre Étienne Flandin
Ministre Merchant Marine: François Darlan
Ministre de la Défense Nationale: Maxime Weygand, Charles Huntziger
Ministre de la Guerre: Louis Colson
Ministre d’Aviation: Bertrand Pujo, Jean Bergeret
Ministers of National Education: Albert Rivaud, Georges Ripert, Jérôme Carcopino
Ministers of Agriculture: Pierre Caziot, Albert Chichery
Ministers of Supply: Jean-Louis Achard, Paul Charbin
Minister of Colonies: Albert Rivière, Henry Lémery, Charles Platon
Ministers of Health: Jacques Chevalier, Serge Huard
Minister of Public Works: Ludovic-Oscar Frossard
Minister of French Family &Veterans: Jean Ybarnegaray
Ministres de (of) Communication: François Piétri, Jean Berthelot
Ministres d’Information: Paul Baudoin, Henri Moysset
Minister of Propaganda: Paul Marion
Ministre d’État: Henri Moysset, Lucien Romier

François Maurice Adrien Marie Mitterrand (1916-1996) Junior Minister of Vichy & President of France from 1981-1995 who abolished the death penalty. Received the Francisque
 Wrote in December 1942 in the Vichy journal France, revue de l’État nouveau: France, Revue of the New State “If France doesn’t want to die in the mud, the last French people worthy of this name must declare a merciless war against all who, here or abroad, are preparing to open floodgates against it: Jews, Freemasons, Communists... always the same, & all of them Gaulists. ”
”Si la France ne veut pas mourir dans cette boue là, il faut que les derniers français dignes de ce nom déclarent une guerre sans merci à tous ceux qui, à l’intérieur comme à l’extérieur, se préparent à lui ouvrir les écluses : juifs, maçons, communistes...toujours les mêmes et tous gaullistes’’.

La Cagoule: The Hood funded by Eugène Schueller founder of L’Oréal whose associates, André Bettencourt (who married his daughter) & Jacques Corrèze (CEO of US branch until 1991) held meetings, assasinated Italian anti-fascists the Rosellini Brothers, directly assisted the Nazis in taking Jewish private property, bombing synagogues & other Jewish monuments, & in shipping Jews to Nazi death camps. Schueller’s daughter is the richest woman in France with .8 billion & the owner of Helena Rubenstein cosmetics. Her daughter married Jean-Pierre Meyers who lost both his parents at Auschwitz

Des maternités de Consanguinité: The Maternity Wards of Blood [Lebensborn: Spring of Life]
UN War-crimes Forced Maternity & Sexual Violence
Westwald: West Forest [Lamorlaye bei Chantilly. These children are later called Enfants Maudits: Cursed Children & their mothers Les Femmes tondues: The Tonsured (Cut Hair) Women.]

Les Cryptes [Mass Graves]La Crypte: Paris Catacombs [Underneath the Gare Montparnasse TGV station. 6 million body parts. Le Cimetière des Innocents: The Cemetery of the Innocents: Green Man stalks & eats vagrants, Little Devil of the Quarries, has bleeding eyes, wild hair] (Salon 168), Galleria de Paris [Graveyard exhumed in 1789], Père-Lachaise Cimetière [Monuments to the Holocaust], Montfaucon [Hanged & left to rot until their bones fell. grave pit] (Northstar 169), Le Cimitière de Saint Hilaire, Marville [An ossuary stacks 40,000 skulls: horloges de mort, some enclosed in a wooden case], L’église de Kernascleden [Plague], Abbeé de la Chaise-Dieu [Plague], Church of Meslay-le-Grenet [Plague], L’église paroissial de Kermaria [Plague], Church of La Ferté-Loupière,Yonne [Plague, Danse Macabre], L’église de Kietzheim [Plague], Cherbourg Trinity Basilica [Plague], Sisteron [1451-1503: 7 epidemics wipe out 2/3 of the population], Mur de la Peste: Pestilence Wall [1722: Plague wall with guard posts built by Act of Parliament of Aix. Death penalty for any communication between Marseilles & the rest of Provence. Marseilles lifts quarantine, mass-graves, corpses lie scattered around city. 50,000 of Marseille’s 90,000 dead. 50,000+ die as plague spreads north to Aix-en-Provence, Arles-Beaucaire, Apt & Toulon (Beyond France 170)]

Bastilles [Prisons]
Château Dinan [Built by Dukes of Brittany. Prison cells & several dungeons]
Château de Nantes / Naoned / Nannidh: Daisy Castle[Bretagne: Brittany: Prison chambers housed Gilles de Laval, Finance Minister Fouquet, Cardinal de Retz, & Duchess of Berry. For miles round the country was bare, for the enemy had cut down every tree & burnt every blade of corn; inside the gates men were dying of famine. During the 18th century, Nantes was the slave trade capital of France. Reign of Terror: 1000s of summary executions by drowning in the Loire river. Bombed twice in WWII]
Fontainebleau: Blue Fountain [North Central:. Îsle-de -France]
Mazan [Vaucluse. 1525: Nostradamus treats plague victims with cleanliness & blood-letting. Owner: Marquis de Sade-Donatien Alphonse François 1740-1814] (Beyond France 170)
Sangatte [Closed 2003. Red Cross 1,800+ asylum camp 1 mile from the English Channel rail-station. Miles of electrical razor wire surround tunnel entrance, 100 security guards. Red Cross estimates that of the 50,000 who have used the camp, about 42,000 finally did make it to the U.K., either through the tunnel or smuggled on ferries]
La Santé: The Health [Paris]
Suresnes [Paris]
Font Vaucluse: Musée Historique de la Justice et des Châtiments [Genuine guillotine & other torture instruments] (Beyond France 170)

French Polynesia
Tahiti, Tuamotu Islands
Marquesas: 1595: Spanish Viceroy of Peru Marques de Mendoza
Austral Islands [6: Rurutu, Tubuai, Raivavae, Rapa, Marotiri: Ilots de Bass, Maria atoll], Gambier Islands [1842: French territory in South Pacific Ocean made up of 120+ volcanic islands scattered over an area the size of W. Europe], Marquesas Islands [10: Hiva Oa (Gaugin buried here), Nuku Hiva (French troops), Ua Huka, Ua Pou], Society Islands [14: Tahiti, Raiatea, Wallis, Futura], Tuamotu Islands [75: (too uh MOH too): 1606: Pedro Fernandes de Queiros, a Portuguese explorer in the service of Spain, invades the Tuamotu Islands. 1881: Native King of Tuamotu Islands displaced. 1965: France uses Mururoa atoll as a nuclear bomb test area]

Region Burgundy / La Bourgogne [Boar Place]: E Central France: Dijon, Thol [Ain], Montceau-les-Mines [Saône et Loire], Chancelade [Dordogne]

Tours / la Touraine [Door To the Water from Heaven]: CentralFrontstalag Jargeau [Loiret Refugee camp created by Minister Daladier in 1940 as part of his Frontstalags program of concentration camps. Gypsies & prostitutes exterminated]

Poitiers / le Poitou: West Central France CC Galliac: Love [Poitou, Midi-Pyrénées], Brens [Midi-Pyrénées région], CC Poitiers

L’Auvergne [Seed Place]-Limousin: SE Central France: Cantal, Puy-de-Dome, & part of Haute-Loire have covered Auvergne, Camp de Rivesaltes [ le cœur de la politique de Vichy: the heart of Vichy. Considered the Southern Zone equivalent of Drancy. Internees, young children starved to death, exposed to extreme cold. Camp filled with vermin & mice. (Cercle: 173) 1957: 14,000+ Algerians interned in the Algerian War Capital of Auvergne Vichy moved to Clermont-Ferrand], Le Chambon-sur-Lignon [Haute-Loire, Auvergne], Saint-Paul d’Eyjeaux [Near Limoges, Limousin], Brive [Corrèze, Limousin], Oradour-sur-Glane [40 Waffen SS Alsaciens condemned for the massacre at Oradour-sur-Glane, a village in Haute-Vienne where 642 died on June 10, 1944. (177) Marcel Darthout, a survivor, tells of how the town’s women were herded into the church & it was set on fire. The men were shot to death in a barn by Waffen SS Das Reich Division soldiers. Survivor: Robert Hebras (129)], Rieucros [Lozère]

Region Gascony-Aquitaine [Latin: Water Place]-Bordeaux: SW France: Mérignac-Beaudésert [Gironde. Bordeaux transport camp to Sachsenhausen & Auschwitz], Fort du Hâ-Bordeaux, Camp-de-Gurs [Featured in Cannibal Holocaust & Michael Morpurgo’s Anya. (Epstein 171) Barbed-wire fence, 1 paved road, food administered by the le Croix Rouge: The Red Cross. Léon Bérard, sénateur des Basses-Pyrénées: 1942: 2,820 men from Aquitaine, 9,771 women from Paris cycling area Vel d’Hiv tortured, die in the snow. 21,794 interned next year. 1380 death-marched to Mannheim & Baden in Germany. Others transfered to Drancy], Argelès-sur-Mer [Pyrenées Orientales. Deputé Jean-Louis Tixier-Vignancour declares Spanish Civil War refugees anarchists & international criminals. Called le village Basque: the Basque Village for the 980+ Euskerian Galicians detained there the 1st year alone] (Laharie 172), Prison Saint-Michel [Tolouse], Récébédou [8 km from Tolouse in Haute Garonne. Extermination center set up in Nexon], Noé [Dupont 25 miles S. of Toulouse. 76,000+ shipped to Nazi death camps from Noé-Longages railway station. Under a 1979 law most of France’s wartime archives are sealed for between 60 & 150 years after they were written]

Region Occitania / le Langue D’Oc [The Language of Yes]
Romainville Agde [(pron dogged without the d. Hérault, Languedoc-Roussillon. now a nudist colony], Le Vernet d’ Ariège [Ariège, SW France, Midi-Pyrénées. Concentration camp for undesirables built in 1918 by the Colonial Troops of Sénégal. World War II: French enemies of the state from Alsace-Lorraine, Catalonia, White-Russia, Russia, Italy, Jews & Communists. (Seghers 174)], Septfonds [Tarn-et-Garonne, Midi-Pyrénées],

Region Savoy / la Savoie: SE France:Alpine Line of machine gun & bunker complexes borders Italy, Ruffieux [Savoie], Vénissieux [Suburb of Lyon in Grand Lyon, SE France .WWII Inmates death-marched to Oranienberg, The Oppidum Lugdunum: Celtic sun god Lugh: Raven Gleam + dunum: hill-fort in Gaulish of 58 BC. Lug’s raven totem turned into le coq: rooster. Aduatuci under Vercingitorix, Helvetti: Sun People under Orgetorix: Golden Boar King, Morini: Great Sea People of Armorica: Great Sea Place, Treveri: Triple Ones], Belladonna: Dark Sacred Tree / Gratianopolis-Grenoble [87 BC: Allobroges: White Cow of Everlasting Milk People’s area of Belladonna: Dark Sacred Tree re-named Gratianopolis / Grenoble by Emperor Gratian. WWII: Maquis, French reistance fighters, died in the mountains waging guerilla warfare against the Germans. Site of Saint-Martin-de-Miséré 994 AD & Hercynian forest]

Province Romaine [Roman Province] / la Provence [The Province]: SE France: Les Milles [Now a museum: Aix-en-Provence. Main Vichy Camp of SE France. Artist Max Ernst interned here. 1942: Leonhard Märker’s Operation Les Mille et Une Nuits: Operation 1001 Nights where 3500+ inmates transported in railroad cars for Drancy by GMR: Groupes Mobiles de Réserve troops, earns him the French Red Cross. Laval orders the murder of all Jewish children in 1943. Depicted in the French movie Train de Milles by Sébastien Grall & book Unholdes Frankreich a.k.a Der Teufel im Frankreich: The Devil in Franceby Lion Feuchtwanger. Commissaire divisionnaire Robert Maulavé death marches 400+ prisoners from Marseille, Poland, Hungary, Bulgaria], Loriol-sur-Drôme, Saliers [Bouches-du-Rhône], Millau-Larzac [Larzac® is an army assault aircraft jet engine from SNECMA Moteurs et Turbomeca. Le ministre de la Défense, Michel Debré, expands acreage in 1970 with the FDSEA: Fédération Départementale des Syndicats d’Exploitants Agricoles by seizing the town of La Cavalrie in Aveyron & nearby farms. 1978: Festival Wheat Harvest: famine], Saint-Maurice l’Ardoise [Gard], Bompard [Marseille], Le Levant [Marseille], Terminus [Marseille], KZ Marienburg: Saint Mary Town / Camp Sainte-Maire [In Nice, S. France. SS Alois Brüner rid Vienna of Jews & was then transfered to Nice. He rounded up the Jews of Côte d’Azur & Nice. In 1954 he fled to Damascus, where the goverment refused to extradite him. In 1985 he gave an interview to Bunte Magazine saying his only regret was that he did not kill more Jews. 2 mailbombs leftt him blind in 1 eye & missing 3 fingers. If he is still alive he is 94 years old. (129)]

To Sort / Sorter Saint-Cyprien, Saint-Suplice-la-Pointe, Rouille, Alès [labor camp], Manosque [labor camp], Les Mées [labor camp]

La Zone Nord Camps de Concentration: The North Zone Concentration Camps

Region Picardy-Flanders / la Picardie-Flandre: Dunkirk / Dunkerque [Invaded by Germans], Douai, Loos-les-Lille / Loss les Lille, Camp de Royallieu à Compiègne [Picardie The Orthodox Catholic church canonized Fr Alexis Medvedkov, Fr Dimitri Klepinine, Mother Maria Skobtsova, Elie Fondaminskii & her son George Yuri Skobtsov They were arrested by GeStaPo & interned in the Compiègne Camp, before being deported in the Totenzug: Death Train to Germany. Mother Maria was gassed at Ravensbruck. Her poems are in the book Le Sacremant du Frere. (In Communion: 289)]

Champagne-Ardenne: NEArdennes-Maginot Line [1935: pronounced MAZH uh noh. Machine gun posts on the border of Germany built by CORF: Commission d’Organisation des Régions Fortifiées in at a cost of 3 billion francs. Barbed-wire entanglements, Underground chambers]

Paris: KZ Drancy / CC Drancy[La Cité de la Muette. NE suburb of Paris. Public-housing project built in 1932 turned into a Sammellager: Assembly & deportation camp. WWI & WWII Louis Renault Tanks. SS Alois Brunner (d. 1993) Gendarmerie barracks . 70,000+ dead. Destroyed in 1976. Subcamps: Camp d’Aincourt [Seine-et-Oise] (Fourmas 179), Beaune la Rolande [Now the musée de la Résistance et de la Déportation. 100 km S. of Paris. Loiret Region. Annex for the Drancy concentration camp], Lorris [Franz Kafka] (Gerard Bertrand 180), Pithiviers [Loiret. 4000+ Parisian Jews interned in 1942-1942], Orléans [Loiret. Death commandos, stopped running in 1946], Cepoy [Loiret. 1000+ detainees with 300 guards. Convoys of prisoners death-marched to the S. through the Briare Canal (Billiard 181)]
Fontevrault-Fresnes [Fresnes, Val-de-Marne near the city of Paris. The largest prison in France, built by architect Henri Poussin in 1895. Used as a torture chamber during WWII. Dark holes, mass execution by the GeStaPo: Sonderkommando Rotte Kapelle who murdered Belgian Banking Heiress Suzanne Spaak for working with the MNCR: National Movement Against Racism. Automobile industrialist, Louis Renault, arrested for collaborating with the Nazis, died there in 1944. Italian mobster, Antonio Ferrara escaped using rocket launchers to blow holes in prison walls, car-bombs & machine gun fire in 2003]

Normandy-Armorica / la Normandie-Armorique [Great Sea Country]: NW: CC Boulogne-sur-Mer [Cherbourg. Battle of Normandy, Admiral Sir Bertram Ramsay sends 4000 landing craft, 130 warships. Air Marshal Sir Trafford Leigh-Mallory’s 12,000 aircraft with 5,000 tons of bombs], CC Caen [Home of the Museum for Peace: Bass-Normandie. 1066: Château de Caen, home of William the Conquerer. Invasion of Normandy: During saturated bombing the locals hid out at l’Abbaye aux Hommes. After WWII it took 16 years to rebuild the city.], CC Coudrecieux [Sarthe], Camp de Voves [Marianberger Komturia: Eure, Located in Haute-Normandie: Upper Normandy. Prefecture for Jewish Concerns established & issues the yellow stars], Villers-Bocage [WWII: Battle of Villers-Bocage decimates a large section of the village & results in a German victory by SS-Obersturmführer Michael Wittmann against the British Desert Rats in Cromwell tanks]

Brittany [Little Britain: White Cow Goddess] / la Bretagne: NW Brest [Finistère,. Used as a NAZI submarine base in WWII. Bombed by the Allies & re-built in the 1950s], CC Rennes, CC Montreuil-Bellay [Maine-et-Loire, W central France], CC Moisdon-la-Rivière [Loire-Atlantique], CC Étables-sur-Mer [Cótes-d’Amor, Bretagne. On March 9, 1941 The Vichy Direction Départementale de l’Agriculture institutes a policy called remembrement rural: land consolidation where the countryside destroyed. Trees & hedges bulldozed, causing flooding. Sacred stones uprooted & land redistributed. January 1976: Farmers’ Syndicat de Défense et de Promotion paysanne writes the French Minister of Agriculture & engages in civil disobedience. They have nothing left to lose. The letter documents starving farmers deprived of their livelihood comitting suicide]
Châteaubriant: Kastell-Briant: Bright Castle[1538: Count Jean de Laval, Governor of Brittany under Francis I murdered his wife Françoise de Foix, Countess of Châteaubriant by shutting her up in a padded cell, hacked to pieces by 2 surgeons. In Oct 1941, 27 Communist hostages imprisoned by the Vichy police in the Châteaubriant Internment Camp handed over to the Nazis & shot by a firing squad in revenge for the murder of the German lieutenant-colonel Karl Hotz on 20 October 1941 in Nantes. The youngest of the 27 hostages, Guy Môquet, 17 years. Place of execution, known as the Carrière des Fusillés is 1 of the principal memorials to the Nazi occupation in the region.]

KZ Elsa&szlig-Schwaben-Burgund / CC Alsace-Borgogne: NE France
Büttner. Minette GmbH [Hans Riedel, Ferdinand Porsche, Bodo La Fferentz & Anton Piech]

In German Alsace is called Elsaß. & the Lorraine region is called Lothringen. The Trial of Adolf Eichman Session 41: Dr Grueber: ‘France was to hand over Alsace-Lorraine, but in a judenfrei: jew-free condition.’ Baden, Palatinate & Saar people arrested, packed into wagons on which was written Jews from Alsace-Lorraine
Außlager: Subcamps: Elsaß-Alsace KDO Thil-Longwy-Erz / CC Thil-Longwy [Thiel: 4 km outside the city. Mining camp. Project Tiercele of Büttner. Minette GmbH liquidated. Inmates transported to Kochendorf & Natzweiler, May-October 1944: V2 rocket factory. 500 Hungarian machinists brought from Auschwitz-Birkenau (176)], Colmar [Prison], Rothau [Unterelsaß: Bas-Rhin: Lower Rhine District], Sicherunslager Vorbrück-Schirmeck [Mémorial de l’Alsace-Moselle, Bruch Valley, Bas-Rhin. Jewish cemetary, synagogue], Husseren-Wesserling [Oberelsaß: Haut-Rhin: Upper Rhine District], Außlager: Subcamps: Lothringen-Lorraine Metz / Moseille [Fort Quéuleu SS Training School. 175 NE of Paris], Peltre [Near Metz, Moselle District], Vadenay [Marne], Audun-le-Tiche [Moselle District: Deutsche Reichsbahn, transportation center site under the Roka Kommando], Sennheim-Cernay, Oberehnheim-Obernai [Near Strasbourg. SS Training School: French 1st appeared in written form in the Oaths of Strasbourg, a treaty signed in 842 (133)], Saint-Dié-des-Vosges [Vosges District], Schomberg / Schonberg

Hollerith Arbeitseinsatz 007: Hollerith Workdeath 007: KZ Natzweiler-Struthof / CC Natzwiller
la route des 10000 crânes
SS. Otto Walther: DEST
Aufseherin Maria Aichele: Made famous by her abuse & sadism. She was never arrested by the US Army, nor the French Army for her crimes (178)
Located in the village of Natzwiller, 31 miles S. of Strasbourg in the Vosges Mountains of North East France, Lorraine region. The mountains border Germany, Belgium, Luxembourg & Switzerland. 45,000+ dead, exécution crématoire: crematorium ashes thrown in garden, gas chambers, electrocution, whipped to death, phénol injection NN: Nacht und Nebel: Night & Fog members of resistance movements in France, Belgium, Russia, the Netherlands & Norway. coded 14 on punch-cards. Human experiments without anaesthetic, vivisection, stérilisation, dissection mustard gas, typhus, epidemic jaundice at l’Institut d’Anatomie de Strasbourg. Professeur Hirth said the 86 corpses he had were only sleeping & used his Swiss passport to return to Germany. Le Docteur Van Haagen, retourné à la Luftwaffe.

Iron Maiden at Nuremberg / Nürnberg

1681: German Free Town of Strasbourg united with France.
1692: Hanover becomes an electorate, a territory whose ruler – called the elector – could help elect the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire.
1714: Elector George Louis of Hanover becomes King George I of England.

Zweite Reich: Second Reign: 1803-1919: Blut und Eisen: Blood & Iron
1891: Alldeutscher Verband: Pan-German League: Alfred Wilhelm Franz Maria Hugenberg (1865-1951)
1861: Emperor: Kaiser Wilhelm I of Prussia
Prime Minister: Iron Chancellor Prince Otto Eduard Leopold von Bismarck-Schonhausen.
General Helmuth von Moltke
1866: Austro-Prussian War: Austria & German states of Hesse, Saxony, Hanover vs Prussia & Italy: Treaty dissolved the German Confederation, & permitted Prussia to organize its own North German Confederation. Austria had to give Venetia to Italy. Prussia annexed the Danish Duchies of Schleswig-Holstein, German Hesse-Kassel, Kingdom of Hanover, Duchy of Nassau, & the free city of Frankfurt.
1870-1871: Franco-Prussian War: After Germany was united in 1871, the Hohenzollerns were both kings of Prussia & German emperors. France cedes Alsace-Lorraine & Strasbourg to Germany (returned after WWI) & pays Germany 1 billion
1888: Emperor Frederick III & Princess Royal Victoria, daughter of Queen Victoria of England reign 3 months
1919: Treaty of Versailles holds Germany responsible for WWI, strips the nation of territory, demands reparations & provides for a 15-year foreign occupation.
1919: The Saarland is put under the League of Nations control & after 15 years may vote if it will become part of Germany in 1934...

• WWI: German General Staff
• Kaiser: Emperor: Kaiser Wilhelm II von Hohenzollerin: 1888-1918
• Reichskanzler: Chancellor: Prince Max of Baden
• Chancellor of the German Empire: Theobald von Bethmann-Hollweg (1856-1921)
  Historian Fritz Fischer in the 1960s showed Bethmann-Hollweg supported ethnicly cleansing Poles from the Polish Border Strip, as well as germanisation of Polish territories by settlement of German colonists. He presented the Septemberprogramm
• Foreign Secretary: Gottlieb von Jagow
• General Erich von Falkenhayn
• Franz Joseph Hermann Michael Maria von Papen zu Köningen (1969)
• OHL: Oberste Heeresleitung: Supreme Army Command: Erich Ludendorff
• Naval Minister: Alfred von Tirpitz
• Die Fliegertruppen des deutschen Kaiserreiches: The Flying Troops of the German Empire: Imperial German Army Air Service: Luftstreitkräfte: All German & Austro-Hungarian military aircraft in service used the Iron Cross insignia until early 1918
  World War I aircraft: fighters (Albatros-Flugzeugwerke, Fokker) reconnaissance aircraft (Aviatik, DFW), heavy bombers (Gothaer Waggonfabrik, Zeppelin-Staaken R.VI)
• Ferdinand von Zeppelin (1838-1917)
• Manfred von Richthofen, der Rote Baron: The Red Baron
• Ernst Udet
• Hermann Göring
• Oswald Boelcke
• Werner Voss
• Max Immelmann (1st airman to win the Pour le Mérite, Imperial Germany's highest decoration for gallantry, the Blue Max).
• Paramilitary: Freikorps: Free Corps
  1. Black Reichswehr: A section of the Freikorps

St. Mary ’s Church, Berlin [Plague], Chapel of Bleibach [Plague], St. Michaels Church, Freiburg Franciscan Convent [Plague], St. Ann’s Chapel, Fässen [Plague], Germelshausen [A vanished village said to be the inspiration for the Broadway musical Brigadoon], Göttigen [Plague], Greifswald, Züssow, Haselbach [Plague], Marburg [Burial ground for plague victims], Chapel of Jurgen, Wolgast [Plague], Lübeck [Plague], Chapel of Straubing [Plague. la danse macabre], Chapel of Schambach [Plague], Chapel of Wolhusen [Plague], Chapel of Wondreb [Plague], Wismar [1376: 10,000 die of the plague. Nosferatu filmed here.]

Flächenland Bayern: Area State Bavaria: King Ludwig III Lower Franconia: Unterfranken a Regierungsbezirk: administrative region of Bavaria that includes: Bad Kissingen, Aschaffenburg, Würzburg, Schweinfurt, Kitzingen, Haßberge, Miltenburg, Main-Spessart. In 1933 regional Nazi Gauleiter: District Leader Otto Hellmuth insisted on renaming the district Mainfranken. After 1945 the name Unterfranken was resurrected.
Middle Franconia: Mittelfranken: Kreise: Districts: Ansbach, Nürnbergerland, Roth, Neustadt-Aisch, Erlangen-Höchstadt, Fürth
Upper Franconia: Oberfranken a Regierungsbezirk: administrative region of Bavaria that includes Bamberg, Coburg, Bayreuth, Hof: Temple, Kronach, Kulmbach, Lichtenfels.

Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Psychiatry a.k.a Kraeplin Institute, Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Anthropology, Eugenics & Human Heredity & The Central Office for Fighting the Gypsy Nuisance In München / Munich. Alfred Dillmann collects fingerprints

Spandau Citadel [1876: Demolished in 1987. 1920: Spandau City annexed into West Berlin]

Schwäbisch-Hall-Weckrieden [Prison in Bad Würtemburg State near Stuttgart. Princess Alexandra of Edinburgh & Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, granddaughter of Queen Victoria & Prince Albert, died here in 1942. Her parents were Prince Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh & grand Duchess Marie Alexandrovna of Russia. She married Prince Ernest Hohenlohe-Langenburg & had 4 children: Prince Godfrey, Princess Marie-Melita, Princess Alexandra, Princess Irma]

Konzentrationslagen Moringen-Sollung: Concentration Camp Moringen-Sollung [Between Göttingen & Hanover. WWI concentration camp. Medical experiments, Criminal biology: Children sterilized as a result of genetic or criminal biological reports

Deutscher Frauenorden Rotes Hakenkreuz der NSDAP: Nationalsozialische Deutsche ArbeiterPartai Völkische Frauenorden [German Women’s Order of the Red Hooked Cross of the National Socialist German Workers’ Party. Women’s Order of the People]

1. Founded in 1928 by Elsbeth Zander. Zelle Zelleiter: administrative divisions.
2. Jungmädel: Young Maidens: 10-14 year old girls
3. BDM: Bund Deutscher Mädel: League of German Girls: 14-17 year old girls.
4. Glaude und Schönheit: 17 to 21 years old.
   1936: Gesetz über die Hitlerjugend: Compulsory membership law. Corps organized under adult leaders. Membership at 5 million. They wore uniforms, marched, exercised, & learned Nazi beliefs. The Nazis taught children to spy on their own families & report anti-Nazi criticism they might hear.

GDJB: Großdeutsche Jugendbewegung: Greater German Youth Movement / HJ: Hitler Jugend: Hitler Youth

1. 1933: Reichsjugendführer: Reich Youth Leader: Baldur von Schirach, Gauleiter of Vienna: Membership: 2,300,000.s
2. DJ: Deutsches Jungvolk: German Young People: 10-14 year old boys.
3. BDA: Bund Deutscher Arbeiterjugend: League of German Worker Youth: 14-17 year old boys
4. HJ: Hitler Jugend: Hitler Youth: 17-21 years old
5. JAH: Jungsturm Adolf Hitler: Young Storm Adolf Hitler: Kurt Gruber & Gerhard Roßbach Shilljugend: 1922-1926
   Est 1922 to train & recruit future members of the SA: Sturm Abteilung: Storm Troopers
   1937: HJ a stepping stone to the élite SS: Schutz Staffel: Protective Staff & bestowed with the single Sig Rune (victory symbol). The SS utilized 2 Sig Runes as their mark, & this gesture served to symbolically link the 2 groups
   1939: Nuremberg: Annual Nazi Party Rally: Basic unit of the Hitler Youth was the Bann, the equivalent of a military regiment. Of these Banne, there were more than 300 spread throughout Germany, each with 6000 youths. Each unit carried a flag with the Bann number, displayed in black on a yellow scroll above the Imperial State of Prussia eagle’s head grasping a black hammer & sword in its talons.
   1940: Artur Axmann: Hitler Youth in Reich Postal, Reichsbahn: Train, fire, Reich radio, anti-aircraft defense crew

1. Völkische Freiheit: National Freedom
2. NS-Briefe: NS Letters
3. Das Reich
4. Der Angriff: The Attack, Paul Joseph Goebbels 1927

1. State Secretary I: Walther Funk (1933–1937), Otto Dietrich (1937 – 1945)
2. State Secretary II: Karl Hanke (1937–1940), Leopold Gutterer (1940–1944), Werner Naumann (1944–1945)
3. State Secretary III: Hermann Esser (1935–1945)

Blut und Boden: Blood & Soil: Concept of ethnicity based on descent (Blood) & homeland (Soil). The Reichserbhofgesetz: Das Bauerntum als Blutquelle des deutschen Volkes erhalten: to preserve the farming community as blood-source of the German people. Darré’s Neuadel aus Blut und Boden ©1930.
Minister of Defense: Wilhelm Keitel & Ernst August Köstr
Minister of Science: Bernhard Rust
Ecclesiastical Affairs: Hanns Kerl (1941)
Official Nazi Runologist: Karl Maria Wiligut
Minister of Posts & Transport: Transportation: Eltz von Rübenach, Julius Dorpmüller
ReichsPost Postal: lhelm Ohnesorge
Reichsministerium für Bewaffnung und Munition: Ministry for Armament &amp: Munitions: Fritz Todt & Albert Speer (1981)
ReichsBank: Horace Greely Hjalmar Schlacht
Hohen Gerichtes der SS: High Court of the SS / Law Academy: Hans Frank (1946)

1. 1935-1945: OKW: Oberkommando der Wehrmacht: High Command Defense Force [formerly Reichswehr: National Defense]
2. OKW Wehrwirtschaftsamt: War Economy Office
3. OKW Waffenämter: Weapons Procurement Offices
4. Abwehr: Intelligence Service: Wilhelm Franz Canaris
5. WL: Wehrmacht Luftwaffe: Defense Force Airweapon Herman Göring (1946)
6. WH: Wehrmacht Heer: Defense Force Army / OKH: Oberkommando des Heeres / High Command of the Army Werner von Fritsch (1938) Walther von Brauchitsch (1941), Ferdinand Schörner (1945)
7. WM: Wehrmacht Kriegsmarine: Defense Force War Navy Erich Raeder (1928-1943), Karl Dönitz, Hans-Georg von Friedeburg (1945)
   Symbol: The straight-armed Balkenkreuz: Greek Cross. Heeresadler: Army Eagle decal for helmets. Estimated # of soldiers by Rüdiger Overmans: 18.2 million. Others say 22 million
   WWI: Many Prussian Junkers command Hitler’s armies in WW II

1. Ernst Röhm (1934: Stabbed to death in Munich): Nacht der langen Messer: Night of the Long Knives / Reichsmordwoche: The Blood Purge:The murders of Hitler’s political rivals in the SA in 1934.
2. Viktor Lutze (1943)
3. Heinrich Himmler (’45)
4. Walter Richard Rudolph Heß (1987)

1. Die Schwarze Corps Legion: The Black Corps Legion: 1924: Originally brown SA uniform with black beret with the Totenkopfverbände: Death’s Head Skull & 2 crossed bones underneath. Later in 1933 all black with the 2 sig: victory symbol rune,
2. Reichsführung-SS: Reich leadership SS
3. LSSA: Liebestandsarte ShutzsStaffel Adolf Hitler : SS-Bodyguard Division: Julius Schreck (1936), Reinhard Tristan Heydrich (’42)
4. SS-Führerkorps: SS leader corps
5. SS-TV: Totenkopfverbände: Death’s Head Division: Theodore Eiche
   On the SS Totenkopf Ring, worn by SS members, runes are cast on the band. 2 sig runes (1 each inside a triangle), 1 hagal rune (x with a line through it inside a hexagon), 1 swastika rune (inside a square), & 1 double rune (lightening bolt & arrow inside a circle). In 1938 Himmler ordered the return of all Death's head rings (German: Totenkopfringe) of dead SS-men. They were to be stored in a chest in Wewelsburg castle. The whereabouts of the approximately 11,500 rings after the Second World War is unclear, but it has been suggested that they were entombed in a local mountain by blasting closed the entrance to a cave.
6. SS Lebensborn: Spring of Life SS-Maternity Homes: Heinrich Himmler, Reichsführer-SS: The Empire's Leader of the SS
7. SS-Eheweihen: Marriage Consecration Protective Staff: Manfred von Knobelsdorff
8. SS-Allgemeine: General Protective Staff
9. SS-Waffen: Armed Weapons Protective StaffWaffen SS-Army: Günter d’Alquen.
10. SS-Oberleitung-Stabswache: Emil Maurice
11. SS-Stabsgebäude: SS-Staff Building
12. Security Reserves: Richard Glücks
13. SS-Sanitätsstaffel: Sanitation Staff Protective Staff : Medical Office: Tiergartenstraße 4: Animal Garden Street 4, Berlin: Josef Mengele
    SS-Gaus / Oberführerbereiche: Regionen
14. WVHA: Wirtschaft und VervaltungsHauptAmt: Oswald Pohl

1. SiPo: Sicherheits Polizei: Security Police: Otto Ohlendorf
2. SiPo Ausland: Foreign Security Police: Walter Schellenbergs
3. GeStaPo: Geheimnis Staat Polizei: Neighborhood State Police Prussian Secret State Police: Heinrich Müller (The Wiesenthal center says he has disappeared.)
4. KriPo: KriminalPolizei: Criminal Police: Reichskriminaldirektor: Arthur Nebe
   Head of the KriminalPolizei: Criminal State Police of all Germany, Austria, Switzerland & the Berliner Sturmabteilung: Storm Troopers. On Hitler’s 50th birthday (April 20, 1939), he was made an SS Oberführer. After the failed attempt on the life of Hitler in July 1944, he was arrested. The People’s Court: Volksgerichtshof sentenced him to death by hanging
5. OrPo: Ordnung Polizei Order Police: Kurt Daluege (’46)
   Verwaltungspolizei: (record keeping)
   Gesundheitspolizei (health police)
   Gewerbepolizei (trade police)
   Baupolizei (building police)
   Einsatzgruppen: Death Squad
6. Schutzpolizei: Protection Police
   Reiches (cities)
   Gemeinden (smaller towns)
   Kasernierte Polizei (riot police)
   Gendarmerie: Rural Police
   Verkehrspolizei: Traffic Police
   Wasserschutzpolizei: Waterway Police-Coast Guard
   Bahnschutzpolizei: Railway Police
   Postschutz: Postal Police [4,500]
   Feuerschutzpolizei: Fire Police
   Luftschutzpolizei: Air Defence Police
   TeNo: Technical Emergency Corps
   In charge of breaking strike actions & surpressing civil uprisings. By 1943, the TeNo had over 100,000 members.
   Funkschutz: Radio Guard
   Werkschutzpolizei: Night Watchmen
   Landespolizei: State: Dr. Nockemann

There were 20,000 German slave labor camps. IBM’s German subsidiary DeHoMag: Deutsche Hollerith Maschinenwerk Aktiengesellschaft provided the NAZI regime with punch card machines. It was taken over by the NAZIs in 1939. ‘Aided by the company’s custom-designed & constantly updated Hollerith systems, Hitler was able to automate his persecution of the Jews. Historians have always been amazed at the speed & accuracy with which the Nazis were able to identify & locate European Jewry. Until now, the pieces of this puzzle have never been fully assembled. The fact is, IBM technology was used to organize nearly everything in Germany & then Nazi Europe, from the identification of the Jews in censuses, registrations, & ancestral tracing programs to the running of railroads & organizing of concentration camp slave labor.’ – Edwin Black
1933: Hitler comes to power & orders a census. Storm Troopers & SS: ShutzStaffel collect the census information door to door. Tabulating staffers supplied by the German Labor Front’s Berlin Employment Office at the Karstadthaus Prussian Statistical Office at Alexanderplatz under Dr. Höpker. 450 punching stations; punched forms delivered to 20 key typewriter-like input engines. Cards funneled down Hollerith counting chutes at the rate of 250,000 per hour. The whole census takes 4 months. Proofing machines verify information at 15,000 cards per hour. Jewish counting cards are processed seperately.
1934: The process of sterilizing the unfit is called Hollerith Nachtrichten: Hollerith News Messaging. The welfare office punchcards are sent to the new expanded sorting office in Lichterfeld.
1939: Greater Reich Racial Census. Up unto this point the punch cards can only be sorted by numbers, with certain numbers corresponding to race, profession, or geography. Wasson finally develops what is truly needed for mass-scale destruction, alphabetizers. 405 alphabetizers perfected from the 1935 New York census. Concentration Camp machines are known as the Hollerith Abteilung: Hollerith Bureau administered by the Arbeitseinsatz: Work Exterminators of each camp. Concentration camp Häftlingen: prisoners (Häftling singular) assigned a 5 digit Hollerith number which is tattooed onto their arm. Tattoo: das Trommeln. Inmate files kept at Department DII at Oranienburg. Häftlingskarte: Personal Inmate Cards rubber-stamped Hollerith erfaßt: Hollerith registered when completed. At bottom of the card under Kontrollvermerk: Control Mark is ausgestellt: issued, verschlüßelt: encoded, Lochk geprüft: punch card verified. Punch card operator number hand-stamped at the bottom. Military Tattoo: der Zapfenstreich. SS have a blood group tattoo under the left arm. The scar will be there to this day.
Hollerith Abteilung: Hollerith Worker Codes04: General Execution
06: Gas Chamber Execution
08: Jew
12: Gypsy
14: Nacht und Nebel: Night & Fog Political
Sch/P: Schutzhäftling/Pole
0149: Carpenter
The general populace refers to concentration camps as Kah-Tzets (the initials KZ in German)
German States:

Preußen: Prussia: Ostfriesland: East Frisia [NW]: Flächenland Hanover-Niedersachsen / Neddersassen [Area State Lower Saxony]: Harz Mountains yields timber & minerals. Brunswick-Bussing, Kreise Hannover: KZ Hanover-Ahlem [SS Prison] Brink-Hanover, Kreise Göttingen Göttingen [SS Training School],
Hanover-Niedersachsen [Area State Lower Saxony]: Stadtstaaten Bremen: City-States Bremen: KZ Farge [Nazi subcamp of Oranienberg. Bremen: Plague. seaport], Breme-Blumenthal [Deshimag & Weser Firm], Breme-Farge, Breme Osterport-Reispott, Breme-Schtzenhof, Breme-Vegesach Aumund [Female Camp]Kreis Ammerland 111994 2 Aurich 188363 3 Braunschweig 245516 4 Celle 181962 5 Cloppenburg 150973 6 Cuxhaven 206192 7 Delmenhorst 76284 8 Diepholz 212761Kreis
Elmsland: KZ Papenburg I: Esterwegen-Börgermoor / Boergermor [In Elmsland. GeStaPo Camp, 1933-1934: Friesoythe-Kloppenburg Commando. WWII SS Sonderlager: Special Camp: 1,600+ male juvenile prisoners aged 12-22 & sometimes younger. Arrested for refusal to serve in the Hitler Youth, sabotage, refusal to work, criminality; membership in the Swing youth movement; homosexuality, prostitution & political resistance], Papenburg II: Aschendorfer Papenburg [Seidestricker, Hoeveler, Dieckhans Firms], Papenburg III: Brual-Rhede, Papenburg IV: Dorpen-Walchum-Wesermunde-Lehe, Papenburg V: Neusustrum-Linden, Papenburg VI: Dorpen-Lathen, Papenburg VII: Esterwegen-Hummling [GeStaPo Camp 1933], Papenburg VIII: Bad Zwischenahn-Osnabrück, Papenburg IX: Veersen, Papenburg X: Fuelen, Papenburg XI: Groß Hesepe, Papenburg XII: DalumKreise Emden, 12 Gifhorn 172880 13 Goslar 155610 15 Grafschaft Bentheim 131086 16 Hameln-Pyrmont 162290 19 Harburg 235110 20 Helmstedt 99527 21 Hildesheim 293091 22 Holzminden 80866 23 Leer 162765 24 Lüchow-Dannenberg 51820Kreise Lüneburg: The region in the northeast is called Lüneburger Heide: Moon City Heath, the largest heathland area of Germany and in medieval times wealthy due to salt mining and salt trade, as well as to a lesser degree the exploitation of its peat bogs up until about the 1960s. 26 Nienburg (Weser) 126310 27 Northeim 150100Kreise Oldenburg cites. Kreise Osnabrück & 32 Osterholz 111473 33 Osterode am Harz 84750 34 Peine 132998 35 Rotenburg (Wümme) 163058 36 Salzgitter 111696 37 Schaumburg 166548 38 Soltau-Fallingbostel 141192 39 Stade 192973 40 Uelzen 97635 41 Vechta 128189 42 Verden 133289 43 Wesermarsch 94332 44 Wilhelmshaven 84994 45 Wittmund 57421 46 Wolfenbüttel 126842 47 Wolfsburg 121887

Flächenland Sachsen-Anhalt [Area State Electorial Saxony] [E] 1 Altmarkkreis Salzwedel 2 Anhalt-Bitterfeld 3 Börde 4 Burgenland 5 Dessau-Roßlau 6 Halle (Saale) 7 Harz 8 Jerichower Land Kreise Magdeburg: Magdeburg [Brabag Factory] 10 Mansfeld-Südharz Saalekreis: Halle-Sade / Halle-Saale [Dora-Mittelbau Außlager: Siebel Aviation Factory], 12 Salzlandkreis 13 Stendal 138553Kreise Wittenberg: Witten-Annen AGW [On the Ruhr]

Preußen: Prussia: Flächenland Brandenburg [Area State Raven] [NE] Brandenburg is a state in east-central Germany. In 1945, after Germany's defeat in World War II, Allies placed the part of Brandenburg east of the Oder & Neisse rivers under Polish control. The remaining part became part of the Soviet-controlled zone of Germany. The German part of Brandenburg became 1 of East Germany’s 5 states. Reunification 1990: Brandenburg-Havel [1933-1934: GeStaPo Camp. Havel River near Grünewald: Green Forest, Wannsee], Brandenburg-Berlin: High Lake [1200: Village NE of the Spree River. Oder River is to E. 1701: Capital of Prussia. 1791: Brandenburger Tor: Brandenburg Gate completed. 1871: Capital of the German Republic 1919: Capital of the Weimar Republic. The name Weimar Republic was never used officially during its existence. The new republic was known as Deutsches Reich: German Empire in German.] 1 Barnim 171490 2 Brandenburg an der Havel 76351 3 Cottbus 105954 4 Dahme-Spreewald 159568 5 Elbe-Elster 129066 6 Frankfurt (Oder) 70308 7 Havelland 150340 8 Märkisch-Oderland 189634 9 Oberhavel 194022 10 Oberspreewald-Lausitz 141959 11 Oder-Spree 195670 12 Ostprignitz-Ruppin 111878 13 Potsdam 150435 14 Potsdam-Mittelmark 212230 15 Prignitz 94015 16 Spree-Neiße 151100 17 Teltow-Fläming 160414 18 Uckermark 148606
Stadtstaaten Berlin [City State Berlin] Berlin-Alexanderstraße: Alexander Street [GeStaPo Prison], Berlin-Templehof: Temple [1934: GeStaPo Camp], Berlin-Moabit [Detention Center at Tiergarten: Animal Garden], Berlin-Plötzensee [Prison], Berlin-Babelsberg [Sachsenhausen], Berlin-Falkensee [Brandenburg. DEMAG-Panzerwerke. 2,500. Groß Berlin: Greater Berlin west of the city], Berlin-Halensee Demag, Berlin-Henningdorf, Berlin-Lichterfelde, Berlin-Lichtenrade, Berlin-Reinickendorf [Argus], Berlin-Siemens Stadt: Siemen’s City, Berlin-Tegel, Berlin-Wilmersdorf [1920: 1 of the 7 cities annexed into Berlin. Concentration Camp. Now a residential neighborhood of Berlin]

Flächenland Nord Rhein-Westfalen [Area State North Rhine-Westfalia]: Limberg [Western Plain] Flossebeurg: Beverungen,Stuzpunkt Sauerland I [Dora-Mittelbau], Schwerte / Ruhr [Dora Mittelbau Außlager], 1 Aachen 307936 3 Bielefeld 323373 4 Bochum 390087Kreise Bonn: Rheinbach [Bonn: North German Plain] 6 Borken 362834 7 Bottrop 120780 8 Coesfeld 216805Kreise Köln: KZ Köln / CC Cologne: Celtic: Dove Place [7038 Allied POWs: North German Plain], Köln Fordwerk [Ford Factory. Prisoners supplied by Dora-Mittelbau], Köln Hansestadt [Public Works: Dora-Mittelbau], Köln Westwagon [Car Factory. Dora-Mittelbau], Kreise Dortmund: Dora-Mittelbau: Dortmund [Metallurgy]Kreise Duisburg: Flossebeurg Duisen 12 Düren 271074Kreise Düsseldorf: Dora-Mittelbau: Düsseldorf [Zeitz Co: Neander Valley: 500,000 year old fossil] 14 Ennepe-Ruhr 349988Kreise Essen: Essen I: Essen [Krupp] Euskirchen 190581Kreise Gelsenkirchen: Essen II: Gelsenkirchen [SS Todt: Death’s Head] 18 Gütersloh 347954 19 Hagen 202060Kreise Hamm: Flossebeurg Hamm 21 Heinsberg 252275 22 Herford 255393 23 Herne 174018 24 Hochsauerlandkreis 281480 25 Höxter 155518 26 Kleve 301861 27 Krefeld 239559 28 Leverkusen 160829Kreise Lippe: Lippstadt [Female Concentration Camp. Metallurgy in Westfalia], 30 Märkischer Kreis 457079 31 Mettmann 509023 32 Minden-Lübbecke 323055 33 Mönchengladbach 262963 34 Mülheim 172332 35 Münster 267197 36 Oberbergischer Kreis 289518 37 Oberhausen 221619 38 Olpe 141705 39 Paderborn 292961 40 Recklinghausen 656053 41 Remscheid 118753 42 Rhein-Erft-Kreis 458430 43 Rheinisch-Bergischer Kreis 276525 44 Rhein-Kreis Neuss 445683 45 Rhein-Sieg 583051 46 Siegen-Wittgenstein 295787 47 Soest 307809 48 Solingen 165032 49 Steinfurt 437545Kreise Unna: Unna [SS 5th Corps] 51 Viersen 302795 52 Warendorf 282286Kreise Wesel: KZ Wesel 54 Wuppertal 364784

Flächenland Hessen [Area State Hesse-Nassau]: Chatti [Grain Place] [Center] , Bingau, Bischofsheim, Heppenheim: Heppen Home, Hessen-Auerbach-Bensheim [1945-1961: State of Hessen’s Fritz Bauer indicts 2024 people for war crimes. 945 convicted. Bauer found dead with overdose of pills in a bathtub in 1968 according to coroner Joachim Gerchow. Although there is suspicion that Odessa, a group of NAZI veterans, has murdered him & the death is unusual the state does not investigate. (129) ], Hessich-Lichtenau [Female Concentration Camp], 1 Bergstraße 264695Kreise Darmstadt: Darmstadt [Capital of Hesse. GeStaPo Camp] 3 Darmstadt-Dieburg 288463Kreise Frankfurt: Frankfurt-am-Main / Francfort-sur-le-Main [Prison. Adler S.A: Adler-Salón de Francfort Peugot Dealership], Frankfurt-Hoest I, Frankfurt-Hoest II, 5 Fulda 218326 6 Gießen 254331 7 Groß-Gerau 250478 8 Hersfeld-Rotenburg 130010 9 Hochtaunuskreis 226683Kreise Kassel: Kassel Mittelbau [Henschel Co] 12 Lahn-Dill 263043 13 Limburg-Weilburg 175679 16 Marburg-Biedenkopf 253500 17 Odenwald 100113 18 Offenbach 336555 20 Rheingau-Taunus 184897 21 Schwalm-Eder 193404 22 Vogelsbergkreis 118475 23 Waldeck-Frankenberg 170430 24 Werra-Meißner 113293 25 Wetterau 296056 26 Wiesbaden 271076<<P>Flächenland Rheinland-Pfalz [Area State Rhineland-Palatinate] [W] 1 Ahrweiler 130141 2 Altenkirchen (Westerwald) 137659 3 Alzey-Worms 125303 4 Bad Dürkheim 134303 5 Bad Kreuznach 157843 6 Bernkastel-Wittlich 113998 7 Birkenfeld 90201Kreise Bitburg-Prüm: Bitburg [USA President Reagan went here], Kreise Cochem-Zell: Cochem 10 Daun 64464 11 Donnersbergkreis 78740 12 Frankenthal 47827 13 Germersheim 124380 14 Kaiserslautern 110207Kreise Koblenz: KZ Koblenz-Rebstock [Flossenbeurg Außlager: Subcamp: Moselle River empties into the Rhine here. Gollnow Firm] 17 Kusel 78530 18 Landau 41089 19 Ludwigshafen 162458Kreise Mainz: Mainz / Mayence-Finthen, 21 Mainz-Bingen 196072 22 Mayen-Koblenz 212344 23 Neustadt 53822 24 Neuwied 185004 25 Pirmasens 44822 26 Rhein-Hunsrück 105591 27 Rhein-Lahn 129608 28 Rhein-Pfalz-Kreis 147396Kreise Speyer: Speyer 30 Südliche Weinstraße 109694 31 Südwestpfalz 105271Kreise Trier: Trier / Trèves: Triple Place [Inquision burning site], 33 Trier-Saarburg 138196 34 Westerwaldkreis 202714 35 Worms 80625 36 Zweibrücken 35799

Flächenland Saarland [W] 1 Merzig-Wadern 106222 2 Neunkirchen 146678Regionalverband Saarbrücken: Saarbrücken [Capital of the State. GeStaPo Prison] 4 Saarlouis 211681 5 Saarpfalz 156732 6 St. Wendel 95209

Flächenland Baden-Württemberg: Swabia: Suevi [SW] Dachau Außlager: Flossenbuerg Außlager: Satellite Camps: Bad-Oppenau [Wolfach Prison], Ludwigsburg, Karlsruhe I: Durlach [Detention Prison], Karlsruhe II, Karlsruhe III, Holzen, KZ Neckarelz I et II-Neckarzimmern, KZ Neckarelz Bad Rappenau, KZ Neckargerach-Guttenbach, KZ Neckargartach-Heilbronn [2 mining prisons], Neunkirchen: Newchurches, Obrigheim: Government Home [nuclear power plant shut down in 1995], Neuegammen Außlager: Bernhausen: Mountain Houses, Daudenzell, Ellwangen [Schwabia], Geislingen [Near French border], Groß-Sachesenheim: Great-Saxon Home, Guttenbach, Haslach [Father Alexis Dechaux arrested by GeStaPo Walter Menzel survived the camp], DJK Mannheim-Sanhofen: Man World-San Temples [Daimler-Benz plant], Mosbach, KDO Neckar: Urbes Wesserling, Neckar: Wasserfling / Wasserralfingen, Plattenwald: Flat Forest, Sandweier [Baden], Tailfingen, Weinheim: Wine Home 1 Alb-Donau 187000Kreise: Baden-Baden: Baden-Baden [Flossenbuerg Au&szligager: Satellite Camp], Balingen Bisingen, Balingen Dortmettingen-Frommern [Oil refinary bombed in strategic air attack. SS Todt: Death’s Head Division], Balingen Ersingen / Erzingen [Baden], Balingen Schomberg, Balingen Schorzingen, KZ-Scörzingen-Rottweil-Zepfenhan: Balingen [1933: Project Wueste: Project Wild the name of the extermination commandos],Balingen Dautmergen [Site of the 1200 BC Urnfield Culture: Hallstatt A & B cairns], 3 Biberach 184548 4 Böblingen 367830 5 Bodensee 200948 6 Breisgau-Hochschwarzwald 243043Kreise Calw: Calw [Female Camp. Flossenbuerg sub-camp], 8 Emmendingen 152953 9 Enz 193873 10 Esslingen 505340Kreise Freiburg: Freiburg: Freetown [Flossenbuerg sub-camp] 12 Freudenstadt 121682 13 Göppingen 257651Kreise Heidelberg: Heidelburg,Kreise Heidenheim: Heidenheim: Heather Home [Police School] 16 Heilbronn 324043 18 Hohenlohe 108920Kreise Karlsruhe: 21 Konstanz 268859 22 Lörrach 219149 23 Ludwigsburg 503229 24 Main-Tauber 137508 25 Mannheim 308385 26 Neckar-Odenwald 150091 27 Ortenaukreis 411491 28 Ostalbkreis 315345 29 Pforzheim 118002 30 Rastatt 224309 31 Ravensburg 270572 32 Rems-Murr 412959 33 Reutlingen 279177 34 Rhein-Neckar 527796 35 Rottweil 141761 36 Schwäbisch Hall 186967 37 Schwarzwald-Baar 211321 38 Sigmaringen 133671Kreise Stuttgart: Stuttgart I: Echterdingen [Zeppelin manufacture], Stuttgart II: Leonberg, Stuttgart: Vaihingen-Enz / Vaihingen-Unterriechinegn, Stuttgart: Zuffenhausen-Heinkel / Zuffenhause,Kreise Tübingen: Rottenburg-Hailfingen / Rottenberg am Neckar: Tübingen [Johannes Kepler (1571 – 1630), Imperial Mathemetician to Emperor Rudolph II Hapsburg studied at the University of Tübigen. He was born at the Imperial Free City of Weil der Stadt, now part of Stuttgart in the state of Baden-Württemberg. His father was a mercenary, his mother Katherine was arrested, imprisoned, & tortured for 14 months in Leonberg on charges of witchcraft]. 41 Tuttlingen 133866Kreise Ulm: Kuhberg-Ulm: Cowtown-Elm [GeStaPo Camp 1933-1935: Klockner Societies. Then a sub-camp of Dachau], 43 Waldshut 166114 44 Zollernalbkreis 193196

Kreise Altenburger Land: KZ Altenburg: High Mountain-Thuringe25 miles S. of Dresden. [ Slave labor for HASAG run by Nazi Paul Budin, a highly placed member of the Nazi party. Beginning in the summer of 1944, labor camps were established next to each HASAG plant in Germany, all of which were satelite camps of Buchenwald. More women were employed since HASAG paid the SS less for women than men. & also HASAG’s experience was that women had a higher mortality rate than men. Paul Budin is assumed to have committed suicide with his wife, in April 1945, when he blew up the company’s head office in Leipzig (Victor 143)] 2 Eichsfeld 113427 3 Eisenach 44242 4 Erfurt 200126 5 Gera 109926Kreise Gotha: : KZ Gotha [Marcel Callo detained] (Nizkor 175) 7 Greiz 122459 8 Hildburghausen 73246 9 Ilm-Kreis 121040 10 Jena 101157 11 Kyffhäuserkreis 92983

Kreis Nordhausen: North Houses: KZ Dora-Mittelbau-Boelke Kaserne-Nordhausen Dora-Mittelbau: Administration fused with Buchenwald. Hartz Mountains near Nordhausen, Thuringia. Asphixiation by Von Braun of Apollo Space Project. Dora a death commando for Buchenwald The former crematorium, 1 of 2 buildings still intact, is a museum. ‘The Mission had been told that Nordhausen was a large underground factory, & that they would see extraordinary production methods. The reaction of the Mission to this visit ... was one of the utmost revulsion & disgust. This factory is the epitome of megalomaniac production & robot efficiency & layout. Everything was ruthlessly executed with utter disregard for humanitarian considerations. The record of Nordhausen is a most unenviable one, & we were told that 250 of the slave workers perished every day, due to overwork & malnutrition. Some of the Mission visited a slave workers’ encampment, talked to a Dutch doctor who had been there throughout the war, & saw many of the wretched inmates, who were in an apalling state, although receiving every medical attention now. They also saw stretchers heavily saturated in blood, a room in which there was a slab on which the bodies were drained of blood, & the incinerators in which the bodies were burnt. These are all facts which require to be seen to be fully appreciated. This terrible & devilish place has now passed into Russian hands & it is sincerely hoped that our allies will deal with it in a proper & adequate manner.’ – Combined Intelligence Objectives Sub-Committee, The Fedden Mission to Germany (pg 75), 1945 13 Saale-Holzland 93404 14 Saale-Orla 97568 15 Saalfeld-Rudolstadt 131015 16 Schmalkalden-Meiningen 142488Kreis Sömmerda: Sömmerda / Soemmerda [Female Concentration Camp. Dora-Mittelbau-Nordhausen Au&szlager], 18 Sonneberg 67175Kreis Suhl: Suhl [Gustoff Factory: Wilhelm Gustloff. Dora-Miittelbau-Nordhaus Außager], 20 Unstrut-Hainich 118446 21 Wartburgkreis 143646 Dora-Mittelbau-Nordhausen Außlager: Artern Mittelbau, Bad Lagensalza: Bath Locality of Salt [Salt Mine], Bad Salsungen [Ludwig Renntier Salt Mine. SS Todt: Death’s Head Division], Blankenburg, Eisenach-Thuer [BMW & Durhof Factories], Gro&szlig-Werther Mittelbau, Harzungen-Metzkater Mittelbau, Hohlstedt Mittelbau, Kleinbodungen-Klein Bodungen Mittelbau, Langenstein Mittelbau-Maifish [Polte Factory, Bode Co, Gruen Co, Bulfinger Co], Niedersachswerfen [Ammunitions Factory], Freiheit-Osterode am Harz Mittelbau [Kurt Heber Firm], Rossla Mittelbau, Rothenberg-Sale [Mansfeld Society], Rottleberode-Heinrich, Saalfeld-Oertelsbuch: Laura Mittelbau, Salza / Thüringen, Sangerhausen Mittelbau, Walkenried-Harz, Weimar-Fischtenhain [IENA Optical. GeStaPo training school], Wieda Mittelbau, Woffleben // Dora-Mittelbau Außlager. To Sort: Aschersleben-Duben [Junkers Motors], Baalberg, Bad Berka [Usine Martyn], Bad Godesburg-Vinzerstube [This one is so notorious people speak of it in hushed whispers], Berlstedt [DEST: Mineral Factory], Bernberg [Solvay Factory], Birkhahn-Motzlich [Siemens Factory], Buttelstedt [Schlossen Firm], Gandersheim-Club [Henkel Factory], Ellrich Mittelbau, Elsnig [Factories producing explosives], Giessen [Sanitary Services. Gerta Construction], Grasleben-Gazelle [Gerhard Constructions] Gunzerode, Hadmersleben-Hans [Construction], Hardehausen-Scherfede, Herzberg: Heart Mountain-Elster [Female Concentration Camp], Ilfeld [SS Training Camp], Kelbra Mittelbau, Lehesten-Laura, Leimbach [Salt Mine], Leopoldshall [Junker Factory], Lohausen [Dynamite], Lutzendorf [Winterthall Factory], Mackenrode [Crematorium], Merseberg [Ammonia Factory], Meuselwitz [Schneider], Niederorchel [Langen & Junker Factories], Nuxei Mittelbau, Ohrdruf Crahwinkel [Mining Tunnels], Osterhagen, Plomnitz, Raguhn [Female Concentration Camp run by Heerbrandt Co.], Regenstein Rhemsdorf-Willy: Rain Rock [Zeitz Factory], Schlieben, Senneglager [Panzer Training School], Tannroda [Paper Factory], Tartun [Junker], Tonndorf: Tonn Town, Trautenstein, Wannsleben

KZ Mühlhausen-Martha, Thuringia / CC Mulhouse, Haut Rhin [1944-1945: Junkers Aviation: Buchenwald administration opened a women’s subcamp directly outside Mühlhausen. Forced labor & starvation. Death-marched to Bergen Belsen in April 1945.]

Sollstedt Mittelbau: Bau Brigade I [Building Brigade )]
Kemma-Wuppertal Baubrigade IV: Barmen Westfalia. GeStaPo Camp 1933
Berge-Elster Mittelbau: Schalbe V

Bayern / Bavaria: Upper Palatinate [SE] Bavaria is divided into 7 administrative districts called Regierungsbezirke (singular Regierungsbezirk): Upper Franconia (German: Oberfranken), Middle Franconia (Mittelfranken), Lower Franconia (Unterfranken), Swabia (Schwaben), Upper Palatinate (Oberpfalz), Upper Bavaria (Oberbayern), Lower Bavaria (Niederbayern)
Flossenbuerg Außlager: Satellite Camps: FFW Altenhammer, Bernau-Chiemsee [(pronounced KEY-m-ZAY) Prison], Foerrenbach, Ganacker, Grafenreuth, Gundelsdorf, Happurg, Knellendorf, Münchberg, Neustadt: Newcity, Obertraubling, Plattling, Pocking, Pottenstein, Reuth bei Erbendorf, Saal / Donau, Spaichingen, Spitzingesee, St. Georgenthal [Female concentration camp owned by the Schulze Firm. Site of a monastery], St. Oetzen [Schreyer Company], Schlackenwerth, Wolkenburg: Cloud Castle, Würzburg, KZ Ahrensbock [Closed 1936], KZ Bad Sulza [1933-1937], KZ Bergkamen: Mountain Hearth [Closed March 1938], KZ Braunweiler, KZ Hammerstein: Hammer Rock [1933-1935], Heuberg: Hay Mountain [1933], KZ Bernheim: Amber Home, KZ Meuseltz, KZ Ohrdruf [death marches], KZ Recklinghausen, KZ Rottleberode, KZ Gießen-Allendorf [Anna Fest a guard. Weapons munitions factory. Her book is Frauen: German Women Recall the Third Reich], KZ Siegmar-Schönau [Concentration Camp & Wanderer brand car factory bombed in WWII], KZ Wetzler

Dachau Außlager: Sub Camps: Allach-Moosach [Harlsfeld & Rothwaige Porcelain Factories. SS Todt: Death’s Head Division], Allersdorf-Liebhof: Our Town-Love Temple, Aubing, Aufkirch-Kaufbeuren [Dornier Factory], Augustenfeld-Pollnhof: Polln Temple-Rothschwaige, Bad-Ischl-Saint Wolfgang-Strobl, Bayersoien [NAZI Service Bureau], Bayrischezell [SS Military Hospital], Birgsau-Oberstdorf, Bruningsau, Burgau Messerschmitt [Kuno Firm], Burghausen [UNIC Firm], Burgkirchen: Castle Churches, Durach-Kottern, Eching [SS Death’s Head], Ellwagen, Emmerting-Endorf [UNIC Firm], Fistenau, Fischorn / Bruck, Freising, Freidolfing [Female Concentration Camp], Freidrichshaffen [Zeppelin Factory], Fulpmes [School], Fußen-Plansee-Hôtel Florelle [Female], Gablingen-Esserschmidt, Germening-Neuabing, Gmund [Hanging death], Grimolsried-Mittelneufnach [SS Todt: Death’s Head Division], Heppenheim, Horgau-Pfersee Messerschmidt, Ingolstadt [Crematorium], Château Itter [Female camp inside a castle], Karlsfeld [SS Todt: Death’s Head], Kaufbeuren [BMW Factory in the woods: Men, women & children. 1000s dead of starvation. Child’s mass graveyard], Kaufering [Female camp], Königsee: King’s Sea, Kruckhalm, Lauingen, Lochau, Lochhausen [BMW], Hohof: Ho Temple, Mulldorf Ampfing-Waldlager V & VI: Gauze Town Forest Camp V & VI, Mettenheim, Obertaufkirchen, Neuberg-Donau, Neustift [Training school in the high mountains], Oberdorf: Uppertown, Oberfohring, Ottobrunn, Oetztal, Puchreim, Radolfzell, [SS School], Rohrdorf-Thansau, Rosenheim: Roses’ Home, St. Gilden / Wolgansee, St. Lambrecht, Salzweg: Saltway, Sandhoffen: Sand Temples, Saulgau [L. Bautz Firm], Spitzingsee [Skiing], Stephanskirchen: Stephans’ Churches [BMW], Sutdelfeld [SS Mountain Chalet], Trostberg [BMW], Trutzkirch-Tutzig, Uberlingen [Magnesium], Unterschleissheim [Female], Vulpmess, Weidach [Spoken of in hushed tones], Wieilheim, Weissensee: White Sea, Wolfratshausen Gelting Neufahrn, Wurach bei Wolhof, Zangeberg Kreis Aichach-Friedberg 124501Kreis Altötting 109023Kreis Amberg 44217Kreis Amberg-Sulzbach 109083Kreis Ansbach: KZ Ansbach, Asbach-Baumenheim: Asbach-Treehome,Kreis Aschaffenburg 174577Kreis Augusta Vindelicorum: Augsburg: Augsburg [Plague. Later turned into a concentration camp under Lech-Elekteizitätswerke Messerschmidt], Kreis Bad Kissingen 109498Kreis Bad Tölz-Wolfratshausen: Bad Tolz [SS Military Hospital. Sub-Camp of Dachau],Kreis Bamberg [Bamberg Witch Trials]Kreis Bayreuth: Bayreuth [Flossenbuerg Au&szlager: Satellite Camp: Home of the Richard Wagner Festival],Kreis Berchtesgadener Land: Berchtesgaden [Flossenbuerg Au&szlager: Satellite Camp: Ache River. Salt Mine. Adolf Hitler had a home in the mountains near Berchtesgaden. In 1938, Hitler & British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain met there resulting in the Munich Conference],Kreis Cham 131416Kreis Coburg 92199Kreis Deggendorf 116558 23 Dillingen 94435 24 Dingolfing-Landau 91218Kreis Donau-Ries: KZ Donauworth [Burgkirchen: Castle Church. Donauworth is the capital of the kreis.] 26 Ebersberg 120416 27 Eichstätt 121031 28 Erding 117949 29 Erlangen 101912 30 Erlangen-Höchstadt 129751 31 Forchheim 112838 32 Freising 155396 33 Freyung-Grafenau 82553 34 Fürstenfeldbruck 195869Kreis Fürth 111257Kreis Garmisch-Partenkirchen: Garmisch-Partenkirche [SS Military Hospital. Spoken of in hushed tones], 38 Günzburg 122114 39 Haßberge 88412 42 Ingolstadt 117311 43 Kaufbeuren 42246 44 Kelheim 110918 45 Kempten 61505 46 Kitzingen 89104 47 Kronach 75458 48 Kulmbach 78674 49 Landsberg 107609 50 Landshut 144504 52 Lichtenfels 70874 53 Lindau 77850 54 Main-Spessart 132206 55 Memmingen 41101 56 Miesbach 92720 57 Miltenberg 131369 58 Mühldorf 109733 59 München 1227958 61 Neuburg-Schrobenhausen 90224 62 Neumarkt 127312 63 Neustadt an der Waldnaab 101043 64 Neustadt-Bad Windsheim 99156Kreis Neu-Ulm 161110Kreis Nürnberg: KZ Flossenbuerg:Oberpfalz, Bavaria near Nüremburg. 40,000+ forced laborers in granite quarry, starved in isolation chambers. 6 extra gallows hooks built in 1945 to hang 15,000+ people. SS stacked the bodies in piles & set them on fire with gasoline. 22,000 death-marched to Dachau. 30,000 inmates killed at liberation. KZ Nürnberg-Siemens

Kreis Nürnberger Land: KZ Hersbruck [Hubmersberg, Nürnbergerland. Außenlager: Subcamp of Flossenbürg. Die Häftlinge trieben eine unterirdische Stollenanlage für die Rüstungsindustrie in den Berg Houbirg bei Happurg, das Doggerwerk. [The prisoners drift – an alien work for the industry in Houbirg mountain near Happurg, Dogger Foundry] Innerhalb dieser kurzen Zeit verloren nahezu 4000 Menschen ihr Leben. [In this short time 4000 people lost their lives] Der Verein Dokumentationsstätte KZ Hersbruck e.V. erinnert an die damaligen Geschehnisse und legt besonderen Wert auf die präventive Arbeit mit Jugendlichen gegen Gewalt im Sinne unserer freiheitlich demokratischen Grundordnung. [The State Documentation of Camp Hersbruck remembers what happened then & has some words about Preventative Work with the young against the force in feeling our Free Democractic Order] Director: Pfarrer Lenz. Barracks for 6000+ prisoners from over 23 nations. Weapons munitions factory for BMW-Flugzeugmotoren, Firmen AEG, Thosti, Tauber, Hoch-Tief AG, Siemens Bau-Union Todesmärche: Death Marches to Dachau in 600 person convoys (KZ Hersbruck: 184)] 68 Oberallgäu 148315 69 Ostallgäu 132389Kreis Passau: KZ Passau [Dachau sub-camp] 72 Pfaffenhofen 113111Kreis Regen 82721Kreis Regensburg 178095 76 Rhön-Grabfeld 86717 77 Rosenheim 240106 79 Roth 124963 80 Rottal-Inn 119107 81 Schwabach 38518 82 Schwandorf 144370 83 Schweinfurt 116874 85 Starnberg 126588 86 Straubing 44316 87 Straubing-Bogen 96035 88 Tirschenreuth 79804 89 Traunstein: KZ Traunstein [The current Pope Benedict is from here] 90 Unterallgäu 134920 91 Weiden in der Oberpfalz 43071 92 Weilheim-Schongau 128543 93 Weißenburg-Gunzenhausen 95176 94 Wunsiedel 85278 95 Würzburg 129915

KZ Venusberg: Venus Mountain [Flossenbeurg Außlager]

Kreise Annaberg 87200Kreise Aue-Schwarzenberg: Aue-Schwarzenberg [Hitler Youth Camp],Kreise Bautzen: KZ Bautzen / BudysinKreise Chemnitz: Oederan [Saxony. Borders Chemnitz. Female Camp], Kreise Dresden: Dresden-Universelle [Guard Klara Kunig. Sub-Camp of Uckermark]Kreise Freiberg: KZ Freiberg: Free Town-Sachsen Messerschmidt [Female Camp. Ailderbrand], 8 Görlitz 60264 9 Hoyerswerda 47917 10 Kamenz 154954Kreise Leipzig: Leipzig Lindenthal, Leipzig Markkleeberg, Leipzig Schonau, Leipzig Thekla,Kreise Löbau-Zittau: KZ Neumau / Löbau [Neuengammen Außlager], KZ Löbau-Zittau [Enterprise ZITT. Schoenman Werke aircraft parts slave labor factory on Czech border. Inmates housed in Neisse Lager: Lausitzer Neisse / Nysa Luzyca: Nysa River],Kreise Meißen: Meißen [Saxony capital], 15 Mittelsachsen 332236 16 Mittlerer Erzgebirgskreis 93483Kreise Mittweida: Mittweida [Lorenz Firm. Female Camp], Rochlitz [Mittweide district. Headed by Marianne Essmann] 18 Muldentalkreis 135459 19 Niederschlesischer Oberlausitzkreis 103469 20 Nordsachsen 208661 21 Plauen 71155 22 Riesa-Großenhain 120539
Kreise Sächsische Schweiz: Saxon Switzerland: KZ Porschdorf: Porschtown [Wikipedia: ‘Saxon Switzerland is also a notorious centre of Neo-Nazi activity in Germany. Foreigners, especially dark-skinned persons of Arab, Asian, or African /African American descent should expect harassment, other forms of discrimination & mistreatment.’]
Schloß Sonnenstein: Castle Sunny Rock Located in Pirna, Saxon-Schweiz district of Saxony, Germany near Dresden. 1940-1941: The purpose of the program was to maintain genetic purity of the German population by systematically killing citizens who were physically deformed, disabled, handicapped, or suffering from mental illness. 10s of 1000s of prisoners killed by gas in the extermination centers by Professor Heyde, Professor Nitsche. Suffocation, injection, poisoning, starvation, medication overdose. By the end of 1941, every 3rd inmate of a psychiatric institution in Germany had already died, either by being directly killed or by starvation for a total of 93,000 dead. Extermination was carried out at Grafeneck (since January 20, 1940), Hadamar (since January 1941, Bernburg (since November 21, 1940), Brandenburg (since February 8, 1940)24 Stollberg 93041 25 Torgau-Oschatz 100485 26 Vogt 200388 27 Weißeritz 124763Kreise Zwickau: KZ Zwickau / Cvikov [Chrostau Camp for young] Flossenbuerg Außlager: Château Eisenberg-Jezeri [Concentration Camp in castle], Flöha [Saxony, near municipality of Frankenstein], Gröditz, Heidenau [Elbe Valley], Hainichen [Female Camp. Framo Enterprise], Koenigstein: King’s Stone / Elbe [Weidemann Firm. SS Todt: Death’s Head], Johanngeorgenstadt, Lengenfeld [Leng Enterprises], Mehltheur [Machinery], Mockethal [SS Services], Nossen [Wettin Dynasty], Rathen: Womb Place [SS Todt: Death’s Head Division], Seifhennersdorf [SS], Schonebeck-Elbe-Julius, Schönheide: Beautiful Heather, Neuengammen Außlager: KZ Lichtenburg [Near Torgau, Saxony. Operating in 1933: SS Oberaufseherin Jane Bernigau. Prison guard Juana Bormann],
KZ-Niederhagen-Wewelsburg [1939. Now a museum: Wewelsburg, Established by Heinrich Himmler, architect Hermann Bartels. Execution city for the GeStaPo in Westfalen-Lippe with a crematorium.(Pflock 185) ‘Heinrich Himmler’s ultimate dream was to evolve the SS into a ruling class replacing the old Prussian aristocracy. Himmler drew up plans, to be enacted after Germany won the 2nd World War, for the construction of 28 SS cities in the Lebensraum of the East. The master of all SS cities was to be at Wewelsburg, where Himmler planned to complete & expand the SS Wewelsburg castle into a capital city for the SS. The city was to be completed by 1955’ – Wikipedia]
KZ Rogdau-Dieburg
[Security Camp]
KZ Gundelsheim
KZ Flössenweiler
Hartheim: Hardhome
KZ Sachsenberg-Neumark [Schloß Augustusberg in operation in 1934, Lüzulhöhe in operation in 1934]
Westfalen
Hadamar: In Hadamar feierte die Belegschaft sogar den 10.000 Toten feierlich -solche Einzelheiten blieben den Außenstehenden zwar weitestgehend erspart, dennoch wusste das Gros der Menschen von den Geschehnissen. [In Hadamar the personnel threw a party at the 10.000 dead mark. - such data stayed with the remaining ones spared to the greatest possible extent, yet most of the people knew what happened] Die vorbeifahrenden grauen verhangenen Busse mit den Geisteskranken erfüllten die Bewohner mit Schaudern und auch der Rauch und süßliche Verbrennungsgeruch war gut wahrnehmbar. [The mobile grey administrative busses with sickly wraiths filled with shivering people and also the smoke, the sweet smell of burning was perceptable]. Kinder spielten öffentlich Klappsarg oder jagten sich gegenseitig Angst ein, indem sie sagten ‘Du bist nicht ganz gescheit, du kommst nach Hadamar in den Backofen’. [Children often played Clapping Coffins, or running from a mutual fear, in which they said ‘You are not wholly in your right mind, you come to Hadamar in the furnace.’] – Ruth Neuderg

Nordfriesland: North Frisia [N: North Sea]: Flächenland Schleswig-Holstein [Area State Light Rock]: Albingia-Salia [White Moon-Salt]: Kreise Dithmarschen, Kreise Flensburg, Kreise Herzogtum Lauenburg, Kreise Kiel Kreise Lübeck, Kreise Neumünster Kreise Ostholstein Kriese Pinneberg Kreise Plön Kreise Rendsburg-Eckernförde Kreise Schleswig-Flensburg Kreise Segeberg Kreise Steinburg Kreise Stormarn
KZ Fryslân: Friesland [Kreise Nordfriesland: N. Frisian Islands] Borkum Island [Werner von Braun launched on Dec 19th, 1934 & Dec 20th, 1934 Max & Moritz A2-rockets. US v Kurt Goebell et al charged with unlawful execution of 7 US Air Force personnel who had survived the crash of their B-17 on the island April 8, 1944], Söl-Sylt [WWI Military Outpost: Causeway to mainland is named Paul von Hindenburg with a railway on top], Nordstrand [216th Marine-Flak-Abeitlung: Lower Saxony: NW Germany: Feb 6 - Mar 21, 1946: US Military Tribunals at Dachau], Pellworm, Fering-Föhr, Amrum, Juist, Neuwerk, Heligoland, Halligen Nordmarsch-Langeness, Norderoog, Süderoog, Nordstrandischmoor, Oland, Südfall, Gröde-Appelland, Hooge, Habel, Hamburger Hallig

‘Once a price was agreed upon, a business would receive 500 to 1,000 women along with wardwomen equipped with dogs & clubs. Dead or dying workers were replaced with fresh ones at no additional cost to the client’

1. Johann Schwarzhuber: Deputy camp leader, Death
2. Gustav Binder: Warden, Death
3. Heinrich Peters: Warden, released 1955
4. Ludwig Ramdohr: GeStaPo, Death
5. Carmen Mory: Kapo, committed suicide
6. Eugenia von Skene: Kapo, released 1951
7. Fritz Suhren: Work Leader, shot
8. Hans Pflaum: Work Leader, shot
9. Friedrich Opitz: Factory leader, death
10. Arthur Conrad: SS warden, death
11. Heinrich Schäfer: SS warden, 2 years
12. Walter Schenk: SS warden, 20 years
13. Kurt Lauer: SS warden, 15 years
14. Kurt Rauxloh: SS warden, released 1954

Falkenhagen-Furstenwalde, Heinkel Flugzeugwerke [Warnemünde, Mecklenberg-Pomerania. 15,000 prisoners. Forced labor producing airplane parts for the German Luftwaffe: Airforce]
In 1945, Mecklenberg became part of the Soviet-controlled zone of Germany. This zone became East Germany in 1949, & Mecklenberg-Vorpommern made up 1 of East Germany’s 5 states. When East Germany & West Germany united in 1990, Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania again became 1 of Germany’s states.

2010: Haitian government says Jan 12, 7.0 earthquake killed 230,000. Temporary settlement camps: 600,000

26th SS Division, ‘Hungaria,’ Oberführer: Zoltan von Pisky killed in action at Jarotschin.
1948: Republic of Hungary: As part of the Soviet domination of the Eastern Bloc, the NKVD, led by Lavrentiy Beria (executed), supervised secret police systems in the Bloc. When the slightest stirrings of independence emerged in the Bloc, Stalin’s strategy matched that of dealing with domestic pre-war rivals: they were removed from power, put on trial, imprisoned, & in several instances, executed
1956: Hungarian Revolution: Khrushchev removes Mátyás Rákosi. 1000s of Hungarians imprisoned & deported to Soviet Union: Rebel government led by Imre Nagy demands withdrawal of Soviets. Soviet tanks roll into Budapest & revolt smashed in 2 weeks

Greater Sunda Islands: Sunda Strait Java / Jawa [Javanese 45% of Indonesia’s population. Java has 112 volcanoes. Sunda Kulapa/Jakarta/Djarkata the capital with the University of Indonesia & Medan Merdeka: Freedom Square. Wealthy Jakartans once lived in a Dutch-built residential section called Menteng. Today, they live in Pondok Indah & residential areas in the south. Many people in Jakarta live in small wood or bamboo structures in districts called kampongs. These areas lack clean water, sewers, & electricity. In 1970 the city’s governor banned new immigrants from settling in Jakarta unless they already had jobs in the city. Surabaya the 2nd largest city in Indonesia & located at the mouth of Java’s Kali Mas river: naval base, shipbuilding, motor assembly, textile production, & rubber processing. Yogyakarta City: Contains the monastic site of Borobudur: A temple built on a mountain by Buddhist rulers named Sailendras: Kings of the Mountain. 3 spheres: kamadatu: sphere of passions, rupadatu: sphere of the visible world, arupadatu: sphere of the invisible or metaphysical world. Spheres represent stages of human life through which Buddhists must go in pursuing the perfect state. 72 stupas: bell-shaped coverings with openings & volcanic stone sculpture of Buddha inside. Express serenity & harmony in treatment of the human body. Prambanan are 6 Hindu temples near Yogyakarta], Sunda [Sundanese, who live in western Java make up 14% of Indonesia’s population], Madura [Madurese 8% of Indonesia’s population. Railroad. Batik, (pron buh TEEK or BAT ihk): Indonesian method of applying colored designs to fabric. Sections not to be dyed covered with a resistive-substance: liquid wax, paraffin, or rice paste. Wax removed by boiling cloth.], Krakatoa / Krakatau [1883: Volcano that lies off the coast of Java & Sumatra. Eruption destroyed much of the Island & caused a volcano summit to submerge. Parts of volcano above water are Lang Island, & Verlaten Island. Eruptions from 1927 to 1930 created Anak Krakatau Island in the caldera: crater’s center], Sumatra / Sumatera [Sultanate of Sumatra] [Batak build large communal houses where several 100 people may live. Sumatra’s oil, natural gas, bauxite, rubber, palm oil, tobacco, cloves, coconut, tea plantations. Medan is Sumatra’s largest city with towering office buildings. The elderly leader of the Free Aceh Movement (GAM), which seeks independence for the province at the northern tip of Sumatra, now lives in asylum in Sweden, but Hasan Tiro’s followers continue to fight both the government & Chevron. The militant Acehnese a century ago were among the last holdouts against Dutch control over the archipelago. (Bret Wallach)], Riau Islands [Malay Penninsula: Malays are 8% of the Indonesian population], Bangka [Tin mines. 1700: Hakka Han Chinese tin miners from Guangdong], Belitung [Tin mines: Hakka Han Chinese miners], Singkep [Tin mines], Borneo [Sultanate of Borneo] [Over on Kalimantan: River of Diamonds, which is the Indonesian part of Borneo, the indigenous Dayaks/Dyaks have been slaughtering migrants from Madura who arrived decades ago, after the Indonesian government tried reducing the population of Java & its near neighbors, including Madura, by shipping residents to the outer islands in what was well-known as the transmigration program. (Bret Wallach). Kalimantan’s capital: Banjarmasin founded by the Dutch in 1711. The other parts consist of the nation of Brunei & 2 Malaysian states: Sarawak & Sabah. Indonesia is the world’s largest exporter of liquefied natural gas. Most of the country’s petroleum comes from East Kalimantan & Sumatra. Pertamina, is a state-owned petroleum company. Copper, gold, iron, manganese, thick forests: teak, mangrove. Benzoin, camphor, rattan, rubber, cinnamon, cloves, coffee, cotton, nutmeg, pepper, rice, sugar, & tobacco.], Sulawesi [formerly Celebes[ [Toraja people build large communal houses. Ujung Pandang the largest city & a major seaport on the Celebes Sea]

Lesser Sunda Islands: Nusa TenggaraBali [Balinese. Bali has thousands of Bali-Hindu temples], Flores, Komodo [Komodo Dragon: a giant endangered Lizard that can grow 10 feet long with a weight of 365 lbs. They overpower deer, wild pigs, & even water buffalo], Lombok [Bali-Hindusm], Sumba , Sumbawa, Timor [Portuguese Timor / Portuguese East Indies] [1520: Portugal. 1613: Dutch seize West Timor. Portugal seizes East Timor. WWII: Japanese invade: 60,000+ dead & others slave labor under the Japanese. Timor Sea the site of an oil field. 1975: Timor political party Fretilin declares Portuguese territory independent. Indonesia invades & annexes it the following year. Hakka population at 25,000. 700 Hakka killed 1st week of invasion in Dili alone. Many evacuate & escape to Australia. 2,400 remaining in East Timor. As no Asian country was willing to accept them as residents, nor to grant political asylum to displaced Hakka & other Timorese, they were forced to live as stateless persons for a time. 1999: UN Referendum: East Timor / Timur Timor votes for independence from Indonesia. Armed pro-Indonesian militias attack & kill East Timorese citizens. 1000s driven from their homes, & much of the capital of Dili burned. UN-sanctioned multinational peacekeeping force arrives. UN votes set up an interim administration.]

Molucca Islands / Maluku Islands [formerly The Spice Islands]: Northeastern section of Indonesia: 100s atolls & other small coral islands that are uninhabited Halmahera [Largest island of the Malukus: 6,870 square miles], Ambon / Ambonia [1605: Dutch East India Company sets up its 1st settlement. Ambon City a port city. On Ambon a half million people are said to be homeless (Bret Wallach)], Banda Islands [Under Dutch monopoly: cultivation of cloves & nutmeg], Ceram [Famous for growing cloves, nutmeg, & mace. Spice traders intermarried with the Moluccans & greatly influenced the way of life], Ternate [1513: Portuguese bring cloves. 1683: Dutch seize island], Tidore [1513: Portuguese bring cloves. 1579 : Sir Francis Drake buys cloves.], Buru, Aru [Flat & swampy], Tanimbar Islands [Flat & swampy]

Papua New Guinea [2nd largest island in the world. Irian Jaya: West Papua is part of Indonesia. East half is part of Papua New Guinea, an independent nation. In an effort to quell the push for autonomy in Irian Jaya (western New Guinea), the Indonesian government has changed the province’s name to Papua & agreed that from now on the province can retain 70% of the royalties from local mines, especially the American-owned Grasberg mine. It’s the world’s biggest copper & gold mine - & the 1 with the lowest production costs. Such concessions have not satisfied the leaders of the Free Papua Movement. In 2002, unknown assailants shot to death 2 American teachers at a school serving mine employees (Bret Wallach). Rich deposits of copper & gold deep in mountains. Coal, nickel, silver. Coastal areas: oil. Jayapura, Irian Jaya’s largest city.]

Other Islands: pulau: Mentawai, Nias, Pasumpahan, Siberut, Simeulue, Talaud, Natuna, Anambas, Batam, Bintan, Karimun, Adonara, Alor, Buaya, Kepa, Pantar, Pura, Tereweng, Palu’e, Rote, Solor, Bacan, Kepulauan, Barat Daya, Damar, Romang, Wetar, Morotai, Haruku, Kai, Leti, Machian, Saparua, Seram, Kepulauan Tanimbar, Larat, Selaru, Wuliaru, Yamdena

Ctesiphon [Dari dialect]Fars / Farsistan [Iranian city. Dialect is Fars. Spoken by Zorastrian clergy]

Hamadan Media [A.k.a Ecbatana the capital of Media. Cyaxares reigned from 625 to 585 B.C & built an empire that included parts of what are now Afghanistan, Iran, Pakistan, & Turkey. 893-961 AD: Fahlavi Dialect: This name is used to designate 5 cities of Iran, Esfahan, Rey, Hamadan, Man Nahavand, & Azerbaijan]

Khuzistan [WWI: The British army defended Khuzistan oil fields against attack by Iran’s Qashqai people led by German agents. Khuzi the royal dialect for cities in the province. Borders Turkey & Azerbaijan.]

Iranian Kurdistan / Trans-Iranian Railway [Iran declared its neutrality after World War II began in 1939. The Allies wanted to use the Trans-Iranian Railway to ship war supplies from England to the Soviet Union & British & Soviet troops invaded Iran in 1941. The new shah signed a treaty that allowed them to use the railway & keep troops in Iran until the end of the war.], Seersucker: Persian for milk & sugar; taffeta: Persian for spun, damask: Damascus. World Book Encyclopedia claims only 1/4 of the land farmable because of a severe water shortage. Food must be imported. Crops include: wheat, barley, corn, cotton, dates, lentils, nuts, spices, rice, sugar beets, tea, tobacco. Caspian Sea provides caviar, carp, catfish, whitefish, white salmon. Persian Gulf: sardines, shrimp, sole, tuna.

Sistan / Sakestan: Land of Wanderers Province: Iranian Revolution: The devastating war with Iraq in the 1980s, in which each side lost between a half-million & a million young men.

597 BC: Captivity of the Hebrews
556-539 BC: Nabondius, Last King of Babylon-Chaldea
539 BC-341 BC: Persia: Cyrus the Great
341 BC: Rome
155 BC- 225AD: Parthian Empire
224 AD- 641AD: Sassanid Empire
634-661 AD: Caliphs Uthman & Ali
661-750 AD: Umayyad Caliphate
750-1031 AD: Abbasid Caliphate’s capital at Baghdad: Place of Solar Rays
1258 AD: Mongols
1510: Ottoman Empire
1880-1918: Kuwait included in a province of the Ottoman Empire called Basra. Basra later becomes part of Iraq
1918: Made a seperate nation in 1918 under British Occupation. Before that it was ruled by the Ottoman Empire for 4 centuries.
1920: Battle of Megiddo: England seizes Palestine, Baghdad, & Egypt: Iraquis revolt.
1921: King Faisal
1932: Independence.
1958: King Faisal II (assasinated) & Prime Minister (assasinated). Leadership: Brigadier General Abdul Karim Kassim
1961-1970: Kurdish Revolt: Kurdish leaders ask ruler General Abdul Karim Kassem for autonomy &. rejected.
1970: Republic: 18 provinces
1974: 3 Kurdish provinces: The Kurdish Autonomous Region.
1980-1988: Iran-Iraq War
1990-1994: Persian Gulf War: Iraq invades Kuwait
1992: Kurdish Uprising: Autonomy suspended: Kurdish elections with UN protection. Iraqi air attacks on S. Iraq. Swampland drained, rice planters deprived of food. Thousands flee to Iran.
1996: Oil For Food [Texas oil executive David Chalmers, 53, sole shareholder of Bayoil USA in Houston, pleaded guilty to conspiracy to commit wire fraud in a scheme to cheat the United Nations oil-for-food program out of millions]. Iraqi government sends troops & tanks to Kurdistan. United States launches missiles.
1998: United States & English air strikes
1999: Iraq not fulfilling terms of UN cease-fire agreement.
2001: Gulf War: Armor Holdings Inc supplies equipment to the Marine Corps & Army. DHB Industries bullet-proof vests
2003: Saddam’s sons executed (127) UN Oil For Food Director Benon Sevan suspended. Kojo Annan, Kofi Annan’s son alleged to have illegally procured Oil-for-Food contracts on behalf of Swiss company Cotecna. India’s foreign minister, K. Natwar Singh removed from office
2006: Rizkar Mohammed Amin resigns as chief judge over the tribunal of Saddam Hussein. Hussein is executed by hanging December 30. The hanging is broadcast around the world but not in the USA. (126)
2007: Hamad Sarha, 30-year veteran of the Iraqi national news agency shot to death by unidentified gunman.
2008: Wide Angle reports 2 million Iraqis left for Syria since 2003 & another 2 million to Jordan. President George Bush shoed.
2010: USA Senator Carl Levin, D-Michigan, Chairman of the Senate Armed Services Committee, releases a chart identifying 31 affiliates of Blackwater Worldwide, now known as Xe Services. According to The New York Times a US government official [not named] claims the intelligence agency awarded up to 0 million in classified contracts to Blackwater & its affiliates XPG, Paravant [In a Senate hearing earlier this year, Army officials said that when they awarded the contract to Paravant for training of the Afghan army, they had no idea that the business was part of Blackwater] & Greystone [Founder Erik Prince incorporated the firm in Barbados for tax purposes & had executives working at Blackwater’s headquarters in North Carolina. Prince accused by The Times of being eager to find ways to continue to handle secret work after the 2007 shootings in Baghdad’s Nisour Square & set up a special office to handle classified work at his farm in Middleburg, VA. ,,,Current & former U.S officials said that the asssasination program did not carry out any operations.] since 2001. 0 million contract to provide security to agency bases in Afghanistan according to CIA spokesman Paul Gimigliano. (257: 7)

Their fellow Kurds in Turkey have been trying to secede from that country and join an independent Kurdistan, but their leader, Abdullah Ocalan, is in solitary confinement in a Turkish prison, where he is serving a life sentence commuted from the death penalty (91)

Abu Graib Prison [2004: Lynndie England wins dirtbag of the week for Iraqi prisoner abuse on Saturday Night Live], Camp Cropper Detention Facility [2007: Inmate dead of renal failure according to the Los Angeles Times], Al Basra Port [656 AD: Aisha. 1988: Damaged during Iran-Iraq War. 2006: Gunmen kill a cleric & his son leaving friday prayer services], Al Kufa [S.], Amarah [2008: Government security forces arrest 20 policemen & the city’s mayor Rafia Abdul-Jabbar (99:7)], Arbil [Kurdish town bombed in 1987], Babylon: Bab-Ili: Gate of God [Babil, Iraq: Nebuchadnezzar II’s legendary Hanging Gardens & Ziggurat Tower of Babel], Baquouba [bombs]
Diayala Province[NE of Baghdad. Mass grave]
Baghdad Airport [2005: US Army’s 717 Explosive Ordnance Disposal Company bomb chasers. Death X is the intersection of 2 highways home to IED: Improvised Explosive Devices: home-made rather than mass-produced bombs. i.e: artillery shells wired to radios & cordless telephones, dynamite attached to washing machine timers, remote-controlled toys, infa-red car door openers attached to molotov cocktails. Radio frequency jammers for defusement. 20 man company the 717th replaced saw 2 soldiers killed & 4 wounded in 6 months. Rumor of a ,000 price per Army man. The IED garden is a morbidly whimsical collection of things that have tried to kill them. EFP: Explosively Formed Projectiles detonate & melt into a fragment that slices through armor & flesh. Analysts estimate that improvised bombs have caused more than half of the roughly 16,000 American casualties & thousands more among Iraqui civilians since the war began. (135) WWII shell-shock: brain injury & mental health problems coming from people nearby detonated bombs]
Shula District [2007: Muqutada al-Sadir’s Al Mahdi Army accused by US Military Officials of directing death squads according to LA Times. US Troops invade pre-dawn & kill 18 after a patrol attack]
Baghdad: Place of Solar Rays[Capital on both banks of the Tigris River, 335 miles NW of the Persian Gulf. City 254 square miles on a fertile plain that is Iraq's agricultural heartland. Karkh: west bank of the Tigris, Rusafah: east bank. Kadhamain: Muslim holy city. 1000s of the poorest people live in public housing projects on the outskirts of the city. 1991: Heavy bombing by Allied Forces. The bombing destroyed much of the city’s power & water supply & crippled its transportation & communication systems . 2006: Unit 118 1at Infantry Division, Gunner PFC James Burmeister claims small kill teams baited Iraqi civilians into approaching fake U.S. military devices like cameras, luring them in to be shot by snipers. His deposition These citizens were almost always unarmed. In some cases the Iraqi victims looked to me like they were children, perhaps teenagers. He fled to Canada from a German hospital when ordered back to Iraq after a brain injury from a roadside bomb. He was deported after pleeing for asylum & faces court martial. (131)]
Central Baghdad Morgue [Saturated daily bombings in the city. US soldiers shooting civilians, looting, robbery, rape. Bernard Kerik, NY police commissioner, Commander of the police force according to AP Niko Price]
Duluiyah [AP May 13th, 2006: Tarke El-Tablawy: roadside bomb strikes Iraqi army convoy], Fallulah [Ban on coverage of war dead upheld by Pauline Jelinek: Associated Press, Washington. June 22, 2004: The Senate refused on Monday to change a Pentagon policy banning media coverage of America’s war dead as their remains arrive in flag-draped caskets. ...Banning press & public access to the arrival of caskets in Dover was started in the 1991 Persian Gulf War], Kirkush [Kurdish town. 1987: Kurds destroyed by poison gas. 4th infantry division. AP press places US death toll at 257], Najaf [The body of Iraqi army soldier Ahmed Mohan lies in a coffin as his sons, Haider & Mohdaffer, & his mother mourn in the holy city of Najaf, 100 miles S. of Baghdad (99:9)], Samarra [Combat], Tarmiya [2007: Multinational forces kill 7]

Khvarvaran Province [Ctesiphon Palace: Seiged by the Romans 3 times during the Parthian Empire. Then Sassanid Empire.]

Nineveh-Ninawa Province: Nineveh: Exceeding Great City-Mosul [1800BC-612BC: Muslin fabric comes from Mosul. Ancient Assyrian city razed to the ground. Many unburied skeletons at archeological site. Mosul is established across the river Tigris. 1800: French Consol at Mosul begins excavation at Khorsabad Mound: Royal Palace of Sargon II. 1849: Sir Austen Henry Layard: Kuyunjik Mound: Sennacherib Palace. Exhumed for European museums. 1900: British Museum excavates the Temple of Nabu: God of Writing. 1920: Turkish Republic claims province. Mosul bombed by British Royal Air Force 1926: League of Nations gives province to Iraq. 1927: British Mueum’s Campbell Thompson excavates, 1954: Iraqi excavation, 1990: Looting]

Qadisiya Province [Kim Gamel Article: 2 US Helicopters collided while landing at a base in Baghdad on Saturday killing 1 Iraqi soldier & wounding 4 people the military said. The 2 UH-60 Black Hawks crashed shortly before 9pm in a northern section of the capital known as Azamiyah the military said. Emergency services are on the scene Lt. Patrick Evans said....Poland’s mission in Iraq officially ended Saturday & its remaining 900 soldiers are expected to be home by the end of October according to Polish military officials. Polish troops operated out of Camp Echo in the S. Iraqi province of Qadisiya. The farewell ceremony was attended by General Ray Odierno, the top commander of U.S. forces in Iraq & General Babaker Shawkat Zebari]

1991: ’Coalition bombing severely damaged Iraq’s transportation systems, communication systems, petroleum & other industries. Coalition attacks also wiped out much of Iraq’s ability to provide electric power & clean water. As a result, many civilians died after the war from disease or a lack of medicine or food. After the war, Saddam Hussein continued to rule Iraq. But revolts broke out among Kurds in northern Iraq &, in S. Iraq, among Arabs of the Shiah sect of the Muslim religion. ...Iraq’s army swiftly put down most of the rebellions. 100s of thousands of Shiite Arabs then fled to Iran. Thousands of others hid in the marshlands of S. Iraq. More than a million Kurds fled to the mountains of northern Iraq & to Turkey & Iran. Tens of thousands of Kurds & Shiites were killed in the revolts or died later of disease, exposure, or hunger ’ – David A Deese PhD, Boston College, World Book Encyclopedia © 1998. 2005: C company. ]

Eire (pron. AYR'EH)

Corporation of Cork / Cork, Bandon & Macroom Railway Co. / Benduff & Froe Slate Co. / Roche, Messrs. George, Walsh, Thomas & Coates, A / Powder Mills Co. / Irish Land Co / Messrs. Beamish & Crawford / Bank of Ireland

Cobh Corcaigh (pron. Cove Cork). cove means harbor in Gaelic-Breton-Cornish-Welsh & cork: red oats.
Brett & Sons built the Bank of Ireland in the town of Millstreet, Cork in 1878. Lord Stuart de Decies

Iridaceae: Iris Family: The name iris comes from the Greek word for rainbow. Iris rhizomes contain poison: bloom April-July. Clovis I’s Fleur-de-lis: French for flower of the lily; a design that represents the white iris. An emblem on the scepter of Egyptian rulers in 1500 BC & carved on the Sphinx. – Jerry M. Baskin, Ph.D., Professor of Biological Sciences, University of Kentucky.

Sleabaght [Slave Ships]
Martin & Sons: Perseverance
Patrick Lynch: Love of My Heart
Francis Cherry Sikes: Triumph

Blue-coat-Hospital [1670: Installed by Charles II with the Arch-bishop of Dublin. Child slavery. Lord Lansdowne, British magistrate Francis Spaight, Sir John Benn-Walsh, Lady Carbery], (Harris)

Cillin: Killeen [Little Crosses] Child Mass Graves: Ardnamona [Board of Education evicted & starved people], Castle Fleming [17 yd plot has head-stones, marking the graves of unbaptized children]
Galway Workhouse [1839-1921: 1000+ inmates. Newcastle Rd behind University College. Cillin-Killeen: Little Crosses infant’s graveyard on site]
Ballykilcline [Co. Galway. Population of 8000 evicted & starved. mass graves] (Earthwatch 75: 15)
Kilchreest [Co. Galway. Slieve Echtge / Abhainn Da Loilgheach: ruins of entire villages] (Kilchreest 196)
Turoe [Co. Galway. Clery ’s Hill: human bones on edge of upper western rim. Fields of Athenry], Fearta [Ancient cemetery. mounds desecrated by Victorians] (Finnerty 195)
Feenagh: Wood Place, Co. Cork [Cluain Coirbthe: Meadow of the violation, Cluain Páistín: Meadow of the little children]
St Joseph’s Industrial School [Tralee: Christian Brothers]

Magdalen Asylums: Magh: fertile plain + Len: veiled covering
Penitentiaries
Les Soeurs de Misericorde a.k.a The Sisters of Mercy
(pron. MAWD-LIHN). Named for Mary Magdalene, the prostitute, founded in 1272 A.D by Bernard of Marseille for reformed prostitutes. Penitent branch founded in Barcelona, Catalon in 1218 by Saint Peter Nolasco.

Within the communal organizations of towns, local charitable institutions such as almshouses were established by confraternities or guilds, or by successful individual laymen concerned with the welfare of their souls, but often only local historians are aware of them.
Accounts of the roots of Los Penitentes date back at least a 1000 years to the flagellant orders in Spain & Italy. ... These men whip themselves with a short whip: disciplina during Holy Week, carry heavy crosses: maderos, & tie their limbs to crosses to hinder the circulation of blood on Good Friday. A wooden wagon, el carro de la muerte: the cart of death, bore a figure representing death & pointing forward an arrow with stretched bow. This procession went through the streets to the church, where the Penitentes prayed, continued their scourgings, returned in procession to the house: morada.

...Children who misbehaved were told to mend their ways or they’d be sent to the laundries with the sisters.

In receiving patients no discrimination is made in regard to religion, colour, or nationality. After their convalescence, those who desire to remain in the home are placed under a special sister & are known as Daughters of St. Margaret. They follow a certain rule of life but contract no religious obligations. Should they desire to remain in the convent, after a period of probation, they are allowed to become Magdalens & eventually take the vows of the Magdalen order. – Catholic Encyclopedia: Congregation of the Sisters of Misericordiae
Magdalens also known as Penitents or Maggies forced to work in laundries with punishment beatings for trying to escape. Inmates required until the 1970s to address all staff as mother & called children. Admitted to institutions at the request of family members, abusive husbands or priests. Without a family member on the outside who would vouch for them, some penitents would stay in the asylums for the rest of their lives, many of them taking religious vows – Wikipedia: Frances Finnegan.

A sullen temper, often shown by refusing food, is best dealt with by silence. When a girl wakes up to the fact that no one takes any notice, nor is troubled by her self-starvation, she gets weary of her self-imposed martyrdom & learns sense. – Arthur J. S. Maddison, Hints on Rescue Work, A Handbook for Missionaries & Superintendants of Homes ©1898

By the early 20th century, the role had been expanded to care for unwed mothers & other young women the church considered to be wayward. The stigma attached to illegitimacy & promiscuity was so severe that the woman was often thrown out of her home, driven from her community, disowned by her family. And for many, the laundries were the only things that stood between them & the street. Although few visual records could be found, some of the massive compounds are still standing. ..When the last laundries finally closed, most of the Magdalenes had nowhere to go. Many of them now reside in group homes & convents around the country. For example, a convent in Dublin still holds some women now being cared for by the same nuns who once confined them. The association that represents the nuns, or the Conference of Religious of Ireland, declined an interview. It provided CBS a statement saying, the Sisters accept the part they played in this regrettable era & asked that it be examined in context. The statement also admits that many former Magdalenes had painful memories & welcomed the opportunity for them to speak with us. But when the CBS reporter knocked on the door, he was told, There's no one to speak. – Violet Feng: The Magdalene Laundry: A Life of Servitude Behind Convent Walls

Vincent Browne, founder of Magill magazine, believes what happened have a lot to do with people’s attitudes on sex & women. “That part of the veneration of the Blessed Virgin has been to accord a status to virginity. To some extent, women who had had sex, within or without marriage, were regarded as unclean &- and as less than perfect.&#8221 Browne said the nuns believed that through suffering & hard work in the laundries for the greater glory of God, they might find salvation in heaven. “And I suppose a lot of conscientious Catholics were going to be preserved for the hereafter, even though their lives on Earth was going to be harsh & difficult,&#8221 he added. – CBS News Sunday Morning

People in the News: Bono becomes a knight in less-than-somber manner: Associated Press, March 31st 2007
Irish rock star & global humanitarian Bono became a knight of the British empire Thursday – and joked that his youngest son thought he was about to become a Jedi instead. Bono, 46, was named a Knight Commander of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire in an informal, laugh-filled ceremony in the Dublin home of British Ambassador David Reddaway.
 “You have permission to call me anything you want – except sir, all right? Lord of lords, your demigodness, that’ll do,&#8221 he told reporters afterward.
 Because he is an Irish citizen, Bono won’t have the title of Sir before his name. That honor is reserved for citizens of the United Kingdom or British Commonwealth countries. Ireland left the Commonwealth when it became a republic in 1949.

Souperism: Phenonmenon of the 1840s Irish Potato Famine. Non-Roman Catholic Bible societies set up schools in which starving children were fed, & subjected to religious instruction at the same time. People who converted for food known as soupers, a derogatory epithet featured in the press well into the 1870s. In the words of their peers: they took the soup. In order to avoid its stigma, many charities decided to only serve those whose religious persuasions matched their own. – Wikipedia

Bóthairín na déirce [Famine roads]
(pron: baw-thur-een naw airy)
Munster Province: Munster Bank / Mining Company of Ireland
Waterford Corporation / Waterford & Limerick Railway
Limerick Union Workhouse
©2000 Peter Higginbotham
The Relief Commission
established by the Government in November 1845. The list of local subscribers to the relief funds was required to be published. Local relief committees could purchase imported American corn & sell it at cost price. The committees were not supposed to distribute free food except to those unfit for work who could not gain entry to the Workhouse. A whole family had to enter the workhouse to qualify for relief. – Waterford County Museum

'Fever, dysentery & diarrhoea are greatly on the increase, beginning with vomiting, pains, headache very intense; coming to a cnsis in about 7 days, relapsing again once or twice, from which death occurred through mere debility or diarrhoea, caused & kept up by bad food, principally Indian meal, supplied to them in small quanitities, & which they invariably swallow after only a few minutes boiling & sometimes cold & raw'. – Dr Daly (Mayo 201)

Captain Wynne, the District Inspector for Clare, Christmas Eve, 1846: There is no doubt that the Famine advances upon us with giant strides. The effects of the Famine are discernible everywhere; not a domestic animal to be seen. It is an alarming fact that, this day, in the town of Ennis, there was not a stone of breadstuff of any description to be had on any terms, nor a loaf of bread ...I ventured through the parishes to ascertain the condition of the inhabitants. Although a man not easily moved, I confess myself unmanned by the extent & intensity of suffering I witnessed, more especially the women & little children, crowds of whom were to be seen scattered over the turnip fields, like a flock of famished crows, devouring the raw turnips, mothers half naked, shivering in the snow & sleet, uttering exclamations of despair whilst their children were screaming with hunger. I am a match for anything else I may meet here but this I cannot stand. I have traversed a considerable extent of my district this week & I find distress everywhere on the increase. Without food we cannot last many days longer; the Public Works must fail in keeping the population alive. The workhouse is full, & police are stationed at the doors to keep the numerous applicants out; therefore no relief can be expected from that quarter.

Leinster Province Slaughter [Mass Killing]
Dublin Corporation / Dublin Barber’s & Surgeons Corp

This is the corporation that builds Public Housing Projects in Ireland. In Ireland they are called the Local Authority Accomodation.

Robert Rochfort Esq Exchequer
Rev Dr Stearne
Dr. William Griffith
Thomas Proby
Henry Aston

1703 an Act of the Irish Parliament provided for the setting up of a House of Industry in Dublin. A workhouse was subsequently erected on land at the SW. of James’s Street & was administered by a body called The Governor & Guardians of the Poor whose members included the Lord Lieutenant, Lord Mayor, Lord Chancellor, Protestant Archbishop of Dublin, sheriffs, Justices of the Peace, & members of the Corporation. This body, which met monthly, had powers to place people in the workhouse, & to discipline those already there if they disobeyed workhouse regulations. Punishments could include flogging, imprisonment or deportation. – Dublin South Poorlaw Union (71)

Province Connacht [Clear Water]: County Galway: Ballinasloe Workhouse [1841: Fever hospital now a supermarket],Cairgean Castle [(Wilde 198) hosts the Gairdín an Ghorta: Garden of Hunger Memorial (Murphy 199) ], Gort (Green) Union Workhouse [1840-1921: Co. Galway. May 1849: goods & chattels of the workhouse sold by order of the High Sheriff of Galway, to help pay off debts accumulated by the union during the famine], Clifton Workhouse-Clifden-An Clochán [1840-1905: Galway Rd], Doolough [Population of 200 starved, The last time I visited Doolough, Co. Mayo, there was a celtic cross as a memorial to the famine victims drowned in the lough (76:12)], Galway Magdalene Laundries [2] (Ackstrom 200), Glenmaddy-Glenamadda Workhouse [1853: Run by the Bon Secours Sisters: Mortuary & Burial Ground], Letterfrack: St. Joseph’s Industrial school [Christian Brothers], Mountbellew Union Workhouse [1840], Oughterard Union Workhouse [1848: 600+ inmates, mostly children. Covering Cong], Portumna Union Workhouse [1840: Now County Council], Loughrea Union Workhouse [1840: Run by the Sisters of Mercy], Tuam Workhouse [1841]
Province Connacht: County Leitrim: Carrick-On-Shannon Workhouse [1840–1939: Quaker James Tuke reports in 1846: no sanitation, naked inmates sleeping on straw, starvation, typhus, dysentery deaths at the rate of 12 a week, graveyard. Famine pots from the soup kitchens on display], Manorhamilton Union Workhouse [1600: Town established. 1840-1954: 500+ plan], Mohill Workhouse [1840 at Railway Station 1/4 population dead or emigrated (71)]
Province Connacht: County Mayo: Maigh-Eo [Silver Plain] Ballina Workhouse [1838 Poor Law Act: Mayo divided into 5 areas or unions Ballina, Ballinrobe, Castlebar, Swinford & Westport. Each required to maintain a workhouse. Workhouse dead buried in mass graves. 1847: 1400+ died, including the medical officer. Leigue Cemetery: Killala Rd. By Lough Sheelin Side], Ballinrobe Union Workhouse [Mayo Constitution 23rd March 1847: this building is 1 horrible charnel house. Master, Matron, Clerk, Physician, Roman Catholic Workhouse Chaplain dead from fever / new rate cannot be collected. The last line: the unfortunate inmates, if they escape the awful epidemic, will survive only to be the subjects of a lingering death by starvation! Mass unmarked graves beyond boundary wall to SW], Ballycastle [1847: No blight, no crop either. Black 47 saw typhus called the fever. Workhouse crammed with fever patients. Auxilary workhouses opened & fever sheds established. (Mayo 201)], Balmullet-Belmullet Union Workhouse [1850], Castlebar [Land owned by Lord Lucan. People in rags because they pawned clothes for food money. food denied. dead dumped into fever sheds. (Mayo: 201) Evictions became wholesale on the Earl of Lucan’s estates. 10,000 people were ejected from the neighbourhood of Ballinrobe. Several populous villages in the neighbourhood of Castlebar completely disappeared, farms being established on the sites. Behind Castlebar House the Earl of Lucan established a large dairy farm; whole streets were demolished & the stones from the walls used to build barns & boundary walls. It was necessary to forbid any tenant to receive the evicted, on pain of being evicted himself; it was necessary to drive them out of the ditches; finally it was necessary to organise gangs, known as crow-bar brigades, to pull down cabins over the heads of people who refused to leave them. In addition to the crowbar brigade, a machine of ropes & pulleys was devised for the destruction of more solid houses. It consisted of massive iron levers, hooks & a chain to which horses were yoked. ...It was found that 2 of these machines enabled a sheriff to evict as many families in a day as could be got through by a crowbar brigade of 50 men. It was not an unusual occurrence to see 40 or 50 houses levelled in 1 day (Woodham-Smith: 55-2)], Crossmolina [1846: Society of Friends soup kitchen], Erris [People living in bogs], Hollymount [1847: Mayo Constitution reports fever & dysentery. 1847: Lord Brougham notes in the House of Lords 5,200 starving Mayo people with cholera among them sailing into Liverpool to be fed based on an official return quoted in the House of Commons by the Chancellor of the Exchequer. There had previously been a right of levying a distress on goods & chattels for rent, but this year in Mayo there were no goods & chattels left, so the person of the debtor was to be attached that is, he was to be imprisoned (Woodham-Smith 55:2)], Kilcolman-Claremorris-Clanmorris Workhouse [1852-1918 : Mass graves, killeen: child graves on Mount Street. Site of Claremorris Bacon company from 1933-1989. John Bingham (1762-1821), 1st Baron Clanmorris married the daughter of 1st Viscount Avenmore Barry Yelverton], Louisburgh [March 1847: starving told to meet the Board of Guardians at Delphi Lodge, 10 miles away the next day, who were at lunch & not to be disturbed. assistance refused, dead pushed in snow on the trip back] (Mayo 201), Newport [Dead pushed into sheds. May 1847: (Mayo 201)], Rosbeg [1847: Dying in sheds constructed by the side of the road. Some dead buried where they died, in fields, on the side of the road], Swinford Workhouse [Established 1846: Proprietor Joseph Bourke dumped bodies into open grave] (Mayo 201), Westport [Lord Lucan & Sir Roger Palmer starve people to death. 1842: Workhouse built. Guardians attempt to collect the poor rate for 2 years with the help of police & troops. Eventually, in 1844, a warship & 2 cruisers sailed into Clew Bay to assist — without success (71) In Westport the workhouse is a housing development and the bodies are buried in a quarry (75: 12)]
Province Connacht: County Roscommon: Boyle Union Workhouse [Connnacht Province heading toward Northern Ireland. Railway station. Mass Gravestone erected by Board of Guardians in 1910], Strokestown Famine Museum [1690-1979: Pakingham-Mahon Family residence. Archdeacon’s site down. In 1847, Major Denis Mahon, landlord of the 17,000-acre estate, assassinated following his attempt to clear 8,000 persons from his lands through eviction & assisted emigration to Canada. 1,000 people placed on ships & almost half of them die on the voyage due to starvation & unsanitary conditions In 1852 a Union Workhouse for the incarceration of 1,184 people built under the command of John Ross Mahon. Operational through 1920. The 1901 census counted a population of 15,000 people in the parish], Rathcroghan [Near Tulsk, ancient seat of the kings of Connacht.]
Province Connacht: County Sligo [Shells]: Sligo Union Workhouse [1842 The Sligo Champion, reported a female inmate pregnant by the son of the chairman of the Board of Guardians in the 1870s. The child was baptized Emma Hale. The Matron of the Workhouse is the niece of this dignitary, & Mahon, the medical officer, is his son-in-law], Sligo Town [1200s: Earl of Kildare, Maurice Fitzgerald, built a castle & monastery in the 1200s. Great Famine of the 1840s: Earl of Sligo: County lost 1/3 of the population through death & emigration], Tobercurry-Tubbercurry Union Workhouse [1853], Dromore West Union Workhouse [1850. Laundry block, hospital block, mortuary, workhouse cemetary. 1920: Union rate collectors ambushed by IRA to help finance its War of Independence. 1923: Workhouse burnt out by local anti-treaty IRA to prevent use by the Black & Tans. Remaining inmates transported on carts to St John’s & the Nazareth House in Sligo]
Province Leinster [Raven]: County Westmeath / Morgallion / Teffia: Athlone Workhouse [1100: Hugh de Lacy. 1839–1915: 700 people recorded in 1846. 200 boys, 100 girls. St Vincent’s Fever Hospital to the north run by the Sisters of Mercy], Castlepollard [Killafree Cemetery. Fore a Celtic burial ground], Castletowndelvin-Delvin [1850], Mullingar Workhouse [1840-1936: 900+ per year. Daily Diet Book recorded in 1878. Fever shed & infirmary by Loch Derravaragh: Children of Lir. Industries: Imperial Tobacco, Royal Canal & Midland Great Western Railway]
Province Leinster: County Meath [Honey]: Navan Workhouse [Railway, Boyne Valley’s Tara Mines. Hill of Tara nearby], Dunshaughlin Workhouse [1840. British Army Barracks. WWI Belgian POWs buried in unmarked graves], Newgrange-Knowth-Dowth, Meath-Hospital [Earl of Meath. human dissection], Charitable Venereal-hospital Oxmantown [1758], Oldcastle Workhouse [Railway to Navan. WWI POW internment], Kells Workhouse [1840], Trim Workhouse [1170: Hugh DeLacy’s castle. 1839: Workhouse. The Bishop of Meath saw a cabin being pulled down over the heads of people dying of cholera: a winnowing sheet was placed over their bodies as they lay on the ground, and the cabin was demolished over their heads. He administered the Sacrament for the dying in the open air, and since it was during the equinoctial gales: Cecil Woodham-Smith]
Province Leinster: County Carlow / Ceatharlach: Carlow Workhouse [Between Dublin & Galway. Home of a fortified fence called the Pale Templepeter Church & Cemetery from 1700s to present 8 miles out of town on Wexford Rd]
Province Leinster: County Dublin [Black Pool]: Ballabuggy [1880: walled-in by Board of Guardians. the head-stones are all rude & uninscribed. The Moat ancient desecrated graveyard. human skulls & bones. St. Kieran ’s Tree blown down on 6th of January, 1839], Balrothery Union Workhouse [1841: 3 miles NW of Lusk. Held Belgian refugees during WWI], Drumcondra High Park Convent Laundry [Sisters of Our Lady of Charity. 1993: Remains of 155 inmates buried in unmarked graves exhumed &, except for 1 body, cremated & reburied in a mass grave in Glasnevin called the Penitent Grave. 2003: Buried babies found in the back of the laundry. RTÉ interviewed Ms Kathy O’Beirne (45) who was repeatedly raped there between the ages of 12-14 & became pregnant. The Sisters deny she or any other pregnant girls ever worked there or that babies were born. Nuns May Sue RTÉ Over Sex Abuse Claim on Radio Show Irish Independent, August 4th, 2005], Magdalen Asylum, Lower Leeson St, Dublin [aided Protestant women after a first fall] Cottage Home for Little Children [Providing shelter for the very young children of the industrious Protestant poor.], St Joseph's Reformatory School for Catholic Girls-Catholic Rotunda Girls Aid Society North Dublin Dublin House of Industry-Bedford Asylum for the Reception of Children [1704: those under 6 left to die in local parishes, 1772-1912: N. Brunswick St, Parliamentary grant for operation], Hardwick Fever Hospital, Whitworth Hospital for Chronic Medical Patients, Richmond Surgical Hospital & Lunatic Asylum, Talbot Dispensary. South Dublin: Foundling Hospital & Workhouse of the City of Dublin-Trinity College-St. James Hospital [1702-1916: 160 people sleep in bunk-like beds crammed into workhouse cellars 240 ft long x 17 ft wide. Beggars, disorderly women, old, infirm, orphans diet of bread, milk, porridge, gruel & burgoo : oatmeal in cold water seasoned with salt & pepper. Governors apprentice out children between 5 & 16.At 1 of its gates, a basket was fixed to a revolving door. Someone wishing to leave a child anonymously could place it there, ring the porter’s bell, & then depart. Infanticide: 1702: 260+, 1757: 700+, 1790-1796: 12,786 admitted. 5,216 dead in infirmary, 1797-1826: 52,150 admitted. 41,524 dead. 1797: Irish House of Commons reports children stripped naked at the infirmary, laid in groups of 5 & 6 crushed together in cradles, swarming with vermin, covered with filthy, dirty blankets cast as unfit for use. The Hospital nurse then gave them the Bottle which the Surgeon claimed help them to die], Dublin: Dublin-Hospital [1762: Mr. Redmond Boate, surgeon. 12,000 relieved], Goldenbridge Orphanage [2,000 Irish children exported to USA], Kilmainham Royal Hospital [1677: James II purged British Army of 300 aging soldiers], Inns-quay Infirmary [1723] (Harris 209), Lazer Hill’s Hospital for the Incurable [plague], Lock-hospital [1755: women & children raped/infected with venereal disease, killed & dissected], Lying-in- Hospital [1745: Surgeon Bartholomew Mosse, bequeathed to Lord Viscount Sudley, Earl of Arran], Royal College of Surgeons Mary Mercer’s Hospital [1734: Mercer St. Torture, death & dissection], Sean McDermott St Laundry [Dublin. Sisters of Our Lady of Charity. Women given new names, heads shaved, starved, stripped, ridiculed once a week in mortifications 1998 Channel 4 documentary Sex in a Cold Climate], St. Patrick’s Hospital for Lunatics & Others of Inferior Note [1745: From will of Dr. Jonathan Swift, dean of St. Patrick’s. patients segregated by sex. Bodysnatchers visit on Mondays & Fridays] (Rootsweb), St. Nicholas-St. Catherine’s Hospital [1753: human dissection]
Province Leinster: County Kildare [Church of the Oak]: Athy Union Workhouse-St. Vincent’s Geriatric Hospital [1841: 1 hr S. of Dublin. Dublin-Waterford Rail Line], Celbridge Union Workhouse [1840: Run by the French Sisters of Charity. Infirmary, Chapel, Mortuary], Naas Workhouse [Kings of Leinster headquarters: WWII POW Internment Camp]
Province Leinster: County Kilkenny / Ossory / Osraigh [Deer]: Callen Workhouse [County of The 3 Sisters Rivers Barrow: Boiling, Nore, Suir: Sweet flowing to Waterford Harbor. Famines: 1740/1741, 1745, 1755, 1766, 1783, & 1800.Subsistence crises not limited to: 1816, 1817, 1818, 1819, 1821, 1822, 1823, 1824, 1825, 1826, 1830, 1831, 1836, 1837. 1817: Typhus: Amhlaoibh Suilleabháin, of Callan: Year of the plague when 1000s of people died as a result of eating rotten half-ripe food. 1830: Amhlaoibh: Kilkenny, Waterford & Kerry: Hungry July called Buímhís: yellow month fields are yellow, & the faces of the paupers are greenish yellow from the Black Famine, as they live on green cabbage & scraps. (Rootsweb) July 1847: 3 million people provided for in soup kitchens], Castlecomar [32% inmates killed in 10 years], Kilkenny St Patrick’s Industrial School [], Kilkenny Union Workhouse [1838: Built of stone, with stone floors, unplastered walls. & bare rafter ceilings. Heating by open turf fires, 1 for each room. Eating area long wooden forms & bare tables in a dark depressed setting. Each inmate in the workhouse was expected to work for room & board, & for no pay. Male inmates were given a coat, trousers, shirt, cap, brogues & stockings. Females provided a striped jerkin, petticoat, cap, shift, shoes & stockings. Children over 2 years of age sent to separate wards within the Workhouse, along with the sick & informed, and were not given shoes or stockings. Meals consisted of potatoes, bread & milk (Rootsweb)], New Ross [Over a 100 year old killing machine. aristocracy deny food], Thomastown [27% inmates killed in 10 years], Urlingford [33% inmates killed in 10 years]
Province Leinster: County Laois / Laoighis / Leix / Leixip [Raven] / Queen’s County : Abbeyleix Workhouse [pron LEESH. Viscount DeVesci. Near the Abbeyleix Mansion], Clogbeen Workhouse, Donaghmore Workhouse & Agricultural Museum [1853: Designed for 600+ inmates. Girls dorm. Burial ground behind marked Unacleggan], Mt. Mellick Union Workhouse [1842-1986: 800+ inmate plan, laundry block, fever ward run by the Daughters of Charity], Mt. Rath Workhouse [1831: Saint Vincent’s Daughters of Charity], Rath Domhnaigh: Black Womb [pron. raw dhouna. John Howard levelled it in 1840, removed 5 cart-loads of human bones with no skulls & interned them elsewhere. (Carrigan 208) Rathdowney Union Workhouse at Loughlinstown built in 1840; still going in 1912]
Province Leinster: County Longford / Annaly [Bright Water from Heaven] / Tethbae [Sea]: Ballymahon [Belfast 15km north], Granard Union Workhouse [1840-1922: Run by the Sisters of Mercy. Workhouse Medical Officer, Dr Kenny, did not get on well with the nuns & in 1903 made a complaint of neglect against them, but they were cleared in an official inquiry by the Local Government Board] (71), Longford-Mount Carmel Hospital [1839: 16,000+ deaths in the last 10 years of the workhouse’s operation. Mass graves on land adjoining the workhouse at the S. Graveyard bully’s acre for still-born infants. 1848: 2,300+ with fever hospital. Irish poet Padraic Colum born 1881 at Longford workhouse, where his father was workhouse Master until 1888]
Province Leinster: County Louth / An Lu [Raven]: : Ardee-Atherdee [Across from the River Dee], Drogheda Workhouse [Maghdalen Tower. Boyne Viaduct flowing into Ulster: Northern Ireland], Dundalk Union Workhouse-St Joseph’s Orphanage [1842-1983: The partition between Northern Ireland & the Republic of Ireland. Railway links it to Belfast & Dublin. Infants, children beaten by the Sisters of Mercy, no heating], Mt Bellew [1688: Baron Patrick Bellew]
Province Leinster: County Offaly [Wolf] / King’s County
Edenderry Union Workhouse [1839-20th Century: Fever Hospital, Burial Ground, Mortuary, Convent], Parsonstown-Birr-Biora Workhouse [1620: Sir Lawrence Parson. Current Earl of Rosse: Brendan Parson], Tullamore Union Workhouse [1839: Fever Hospital & Mortuary on Kilbeggan Rd]
Province Leinster: County Wexford-Waesfjord : Enniscorthy Union Workhouse & Wexford County Lunatic Asylum [1841: 200-ft-long stone pier, 500-ft-long approach road & retaining wall built at Slade in 1847-1848], Gorey [1847: Earl of Courtown’s government loan of £7,900 for brick-making kilns & slated drying sheds on his estate. This factory survived as the Courtown Brick & Tile Works until its closure in 1972], New Ross Workhouse & Fever Hospital [1831-1847: Slip-bottom coffin], Wexford Workhouse [Sir Robert Gore Booth £15,000 in removing 1340 tenants. Forced labor at Lord Courtown’s Courtown Brick & Tile Works], Wexford Harbor [1649: Plundered by Cromwell. County: W. boundary with Carlow lies along Blackstairs Mountains. Upland area extends from Wicklow into N. of county], Balcother, Killaduset
Province Leinster: County Wicklow: Wicklow [Viking settlement. E boundary Irish Sea. 1/5 county population lost through death & emigration (133)], Wicklow Mts [Made of Granite. E. slopes drain to River Avoca. West drains to Liffey: Aine Cliach: Water from Heaven’s Harp & Slaney: Health Rivers. Military Road built to battle rebels. Lugnaquilla the highest mountain: Lugh na Tigh: Lugh’s House for devotees of the god Lugh: Gleam. Translated into English as Lunatic], St. Kevin’s Monastery, Glendalough: Valley of the Two Lakes [E. Wicklow Mts. Benedictine Monastery part of the Dublin Ghost Bus Tour that highlights bodysnatching.], Baltinglas Union Workhouse [1840], Rathdrum Union Workhouse [1840: Run by Earl Fitzwilliam], Shillelagh [1840: Cemetary]

Deir Yessin [Village razed, estimated dead 256. Menachem Begin Prime Minster of Israel 1976 (300)], Tantura [Village men murdered (300)], Safad [Galilean town. Population of 9,500 Arabs & 2,400 Jews. The entire Arab population driven out (300)], Haifa [1934: Oil pipline from Kirkuk, Iraq. 1948: Shelling of civilians trying to escape by sea, bomb detonation, ignited oil, sniper fire, 2007: Now saturated bombings], Megiddo [1920: Ancient city in the mountains of Northern Israel. Oriental Institute in Chicago has excavated: temples, jewelry & art objects. Armageddon is Greek from Hebrew Har-Megiddo. The Book of Revelation names Armageddon as the place where the rulers of the world will fight the last great battle between good & evil (World Book)]

Jerusalem: Holy Salem: City of the Great King [The capital. Located E. of Tel Aviv, S. of Ram Allah, W. of Jericho & N. of Bethlehem. Old City has 4 quarters: Armenian, Christian, Jewish & Muslim. Muslims believe the Prophet Muhammad rose to heaven from here]

West Bank a.k.a Jordan River Valley [Judea]
[Territory between Israel & Jordan. Annexed to Jordan in 1950, boomeranged to Israel in 1967. Contains East Jerusalem, Ram Allah, Nablus, Bethlehem, Hebron & Jericho. In Hebron, Caleb ousted the Anakim from Machpelah Oracular Shrine during the Joshua era. David later moved the capital to Jerusalem. 1974-1987: Jordanian government pays salaries of West Bank public service workers, including doctors & teachers. 1987-1994: Intifada: Arabic term meaning uprising against military rule. 100s Palestinians killed. The Wall has been deemed illegal by the International Court of Justice & the UN. (300).]

Gaza Strip [Territory between Israel & Egypt described as one of the largest prison camps in history. Violent incursions, shelling & bombing. (300) Annexed to Egypt in 1948, boomeranged to Israel in 1967. 1987-1994: Intifada. Towns refuse to pay taxes to Israel. 1996: Israeli troops withdraw from portions of the West Bank & Gaza Strip. 1998: Yasser Arafat & Binyamin Netanyahu share Gaza Strip]

Golan Heights [Territory between the Sea of Galilee & Jordan River in Israel & the SW Syrian Border. In 1948, Israelis started farming settlements in disputed territory near their border with Syria, & Syrians began firing on the settlements from the Golan Heights. 1967: Israel occupies Golan Heights. 1000s of Arabs flee to seek refuge in neighboring Arab countries. Since 1967 Israeli troops have occupied Golan Heights. Israel has set up military & agricultural operations there. In 1981, Israel claimed legal & political authority in the Golan Heights. 2001: Syria calls for the return of Golan Heights. About 14,500 Arabic-speaking people called Druses & about 14,000 Israelis live in the area.]

In 1922, in an attempt to assuage Arab anger resulting from the Balfour Declaration, the British created the semi-autonomous, Arab Emirate of Transjordan in all Palestinian territory east of the Jordan river under a single British High Commissioner until 1946

Amman [60 BC: Named Philadelphia by the Romans. Capital City with 1 million people. Deaths: Moustapha Akkad, 72, executive producer of the Halloween franchise, in the Nov. 9th terrorist bombings in Amman, Jordan, which also claimed his daughter, Rima, 34 – Entertainment Weekly, Monitor, Tim Stack, Nov. 25, 2005], Abdoun District, Amman [Raghad Saddam Hussein is wanted by Interpol, She was living in an upscale neighborhood after Jordan’s ruler King Abdullah II, granted Raghad & her sister Rana refuge when they fled Syria in mid 2003. Mother Sajida Khairalla Tulfa & Izzat Ibrahim of the Baath Party also on list], Petra [Nabataean capital ruins 400s BC], Jarash [Greek city ruins of Gerasa], Dhiban [Ancient Kingdom of Moab. 1868: Moabite stone found by Mr. Klein with writing in Hebrew & Phoenician. The 34-line inscription tells of the deeds of Mesha, king of the Moabites, 865BC, in his wars against the kings of Israel & against the Edomites. When the French in Constantinople wanted to buy the stone, the Arabs of Dhiban broke the stone, hoping to get more money by selling the pieces separately. A French Embassy official in Constantinople had made a papier-mâché impression of the stone before it was broken. It is cobbled back together at the Louvre. - William A. Ward, Ph.D., Professor, Brown University.], Mt. Pisgah Range [Deuteronomy: Moabite King Balak built 7 altars for the prophet Balaam on Mount Pisgah. Moses saw the Promised Land from Mount Nebo], Seilom (Sodom) [Ancient city at the Dead Sea. The bible calls it the Salt Sea], Gomorrah [Ancient city at the Dead Sea], Al Karak [850-year-old castle built by crusaders], Az Zarqa [100,000+ people in the city], Irbid [100,000+ people in the city], Al Aqabah [Jordan’s only port. Cargo shipped through the Red Sea]

Damascus-Dimishq [1200BC Aramean City. Capital of the Umayyad Caliphate. Invaded by the French in 1918. Came under the control of the Vichy Government. Destination of SS Alois Brüner after the war. He was not extradied. (129) 2008: 17 civilians killed when a 400 lb bomb detonates The bombing followed 2 unusual political assasinations this year in Syria, a police state that generally maintains a tight grip on security. In the 1980s, the Syrian state, which is secular, battled hard-line Sunni Islamist rebels for years in a sruggle that left 10s of 1000s dead. (260)]

Aleppo [WWI Red Crescent Concentration Camp: Armenian Genocide: hanged]

Homs [WWI Red Crescent Concentration Camp: Armenian Genocide. 2001: City with more than 150.000 people]

Mari [E. Syria, near the Iraqi border. Sumerian culture. 1933 Archaelogists from the Louvre in Paris. 25,000 cuneiform clay tablets discovered]

Ugarit / Ras Shamra [1900 BC: Phoenician City in contact with Crete. 1400-1200 BC: Myceneaean Colony. 1929: Cuneiform clay tablets excavated]

Ar-Ruad-Arvad [The only island in Syria. 3km from Tartous: Syria’s largest port. In Greek it was known as Arado or Arados. The city also appears in ancient sources as Arpad & Arphad. Renamed Antiochia in Pieria by Antiochus I Soter]

Abu Hureyra [Domesticated emmer & einkorn grown 9,500 years ago]

Mt Lebanon [Marada]

Qana [July 30, 2006: Qana Massacre: Dead children with blood in their mouths, bombed out houses, rubble, body bags with roses. Pictures at Kulturevoid (.com)]

Sidon [Famous for its purple dye & glass. Greeks adopted the keton, a Phoenician shirtlike garment. 1950: Trans Arabian Pipeline from Abqaiq, Saudi Arabia to Sidon port. Aerial bombed in 1982]

Tripoli [Maronite Christians]

Tyre: Rock [Phoenician City: Phoenician gods are baal: lord & baalat: lady. Melqart is Baal of Tyre. PLO seat & bombed by Israeli artillery. 1983: Israeli Military Headquarters attacked. 28 killed. 2006: Hezbollah]

Zahle [1981: Gemayel captures. Syria sends surface to air missiles, Israel sends fighter planes]

Kataeb Refugee Camps: El-Hilweh [Sidon refugee camp. Firebombed], Mia Mia [Sidon refugee camp], Nahr el-Bared [2007: Near Tripoli. 25 women & 38 children evacuated by Lebanese Army. Final assault against 70 militants in the hills. Fighting for 3 months], Sabra [West Beirut : Sabra & Shatila Massacres: 200 Phalangists enter the camp, massacring an estimated 700-3,000 Palestinians, according to official Israeli statistics, none apparently members of any PLO unit], Shatila [West Beirut: Destroyed in Lebanese Civil War], Bourj al-Barajneh [destroyed in Lebanese Civil War]

The German-Italian Alliance: Blut & Eisen: The Axis of Blood & Steel

29th Italian SS Division: Estimated 30 000 of them dead after the war.

Herbert Kappler (1907-1978) Head of the GeStaPo in Rome. Deported 10,000 + Jews from Rome to concentration camps starting in 1943. After the war, he was sentenced to life in prison

MVSN: Fascio Brigate nere / MSI: Movimento Sociale Italiano
King Vittorio Emmanuele III: King Victor Emmanuel III (1869-1947)
Government: Signoria, Chief Official: Signore
Primo Caporale Onorario:: Benito Amilcare Andrea Mussolini (1922-1945: d. April 28, 1945)
Caporale Onårario: Adolf Hitler
Field Marshal: Pietro Badoglio
Foreign Minister: Count Galeazzo Ciano, Mussolini’s son-in-law (executed 1943)
Minister of Education: Giovanni Gentile
Gran Consiglio del Fascismo: Fascist Grand Council
Quadrumvirs: Michele Bianchi, Emilio De Bono, Cesare Maria de Vecchi, Italio Balbo
Theoretician: Alfredo Rocco
Facist Party Leader: Starace
Facist Party Leader: Farinacci
Facist Party Leader: Preziosi
Party Secretary: Giuriati
Ceka: Italian Secret Police
Moschettieri del Duce: Leader’s Musketeers.
Khaki dress, black shirt, fez & tie, silver metal fascio patch: Roman bundle of sticks wrapped around an axe
Zona = division
Legione = militia
Coorte = cohort / battalion
Centuria = company
Manipolo = platoon
Squadra = squade.
Squadristi: WWI veterans
Youth Organizations: Balilla, Arditi
November 1922: Il Popolo d’Italia: Arnaldo Mussolini

Sicily: Eisenhower invades this volcanic island in 1943
Salerno, Cassino: German Field Marshal Albert Kesselring vs USA Lieutenant General Mark W. Clark
1946: Italian people vote to abolish the monarchy.
1969: Piazza Fontana Massacre / Borghese Coup: Junio Valerio Borghese attempts to install a neofascist regime with Stefano Delle Chiaie. Vincenzo Vinciguerra convicted of massacre.
1990s: Alleanza Nazionale led by Gianfranco Fini. Alessandra Mussolini, grand-daughter of Mussolini, leaves to form Freedom of Action. Lega Nord led by Umberto Bossi
1993: European Union

Tomba Massa [Mass Graves]: Ardeatine Caves [1944: Italian partisans killed 33 Germans with a bomb on Via Rasella in Rome. Kappler & Pietro Caruso, chief of police, arrested, shot, & buried people under the sands], Rome Catacombs [Plague], Florence [1430: Medici family control largest bank in Europe. WWII: US War training film broadcast by CBS News Jan 31, 2008 instructs not to bomb Florence due to large amount of artwork in city. Harry Ettinger one of 12 monument restorers honored in 2007 whose job to recover moved & stolen artworks], Capuchin Bone Chapel [Chapel made of bones with bone chandeliers. the inner chamber is an image of the grim reaper & roman clock of bones (Salon)], Church of San Lazzaro, Côme [plague], Church of the Disciplini, Clusone [plague], Church Santa Maria in Silvis, Pisogne [plague], Chapel of San Stephano, Carisolo [plague], Church St-Vigile, Pinzolo [plague]

Regent Shotoku Taishi’s (574-622) letter to the Emperor of China: The Emperor of the land where the sun rises sends a letter to the Emperor of the land where the sun sets to ask if you are healthy? Origin of the name Nippon: source of the sun – Wikipedia: Sinocentrism.

James Franck (1882 -1964) Kaiser Wilhelm Institute, Nobel Prize jointly with Gustave Herz at Göttingen Physics Institute for electron theory. 1933: Atomic reactor University of Chicago Franck report 1945: 7 scientists issue warning.

Edward Teller: Physicist at Goettingen, helped in the development of the H-bomb

Leo Szilard: Kaiser Wilhelm Institute fathers of the atomic bomb.

Max Born: (1882-1970) Göttingen Institute of Theoretical Physics Director, 1954: Nobel Prize for quantum mechanics at Edinburgh University

Werner Heisenberg:1932: Nobel Prize University of Leipzig Atomic Physics. 1941-1945: Kaiser Wilhelm Institute of Physics Director

4 large islands: Hokkaido, Honshu, Kyushu, & Shikoku & thousands of smaller ones make up Japan. The 4 major islands form a curve that extends for 1,200 miles: 126 million people.

長崎市: Nagasaki: Long Peninsula [In the Kyushu region. Setting for Giacomo Pucchini’s 1904 opera Madama Butterfly. Atomic bomb dropped by Major Charles W. Sweeney from the B-29 superfortress Bockscar exploding 1,540 feet above the ground. No survivors within a 500-yard radius of Ground Zero, the point above which the bombs exploded. Those beyond that lethal range recalled seeing in the 1st seconds a brilliant blue - white flash that became a burgeoning orange ball, emitting unbearable heat. Almost at once a violent blast of air shredded buildings, clothes & flesh, & everything combustible seemed to take fire]

May 1946, after the war, Einstein, presiding over the National Commission of Nuclear Scientists, declared: ‘The release of atom power has changed everything except our way of thinking, & thus we are being driven unarmed towards a catastrophe... The solution of this problem lies in the heart of humankind.’

Tokyo Shokonsha: [The shrine has performed Shinto rites to house the kami (spirits) of all Japanese & former colonial soldiers who have died in conflicts. Formosan Taiwanese who arrived to request the removal of their relatives from the shrine & to perform spirit-calling ritual prayer for the return of their ancestors’ souls were denied entrance, met by protesters & police. Tokyo also bombed April 18, 1942 in the Doolittle Raid by the USA.]
Iwo Jima Island [21,000+ Japanese troops bombarded by aircraft. 25,000 marines, 30% of the landing force, killed or wounded.]
Okinawa Island [April 1, 1945: Allied troops pour ashore. Japan sends kamikazes to attack the landing force. Battle ends June 21, kamikazes sunk 30+ ships, damaged 350 others, 50,000 casualties. 110,000+ Japanese died, including many civilians who chose to commit suicide rather than be conquered.]

Aerial bombing during World War II rained destruction on civilian as well as military targets. Many cities lay in ruins by the end of the war, especially in Germany & Japan. Land battles spread destruction over vast areas. After the war, millions of starving & homeless people wandered among the ruins of Europe & Asia. In addition, millions of people died in fires, of diseases, & of other causes after such essential services as fire fighting & health care broke down in war-torn areas.

1880s British expand tin mining, introduce rubber trees from Brazil & establish rubber plantations. British import Chinese workers for the tin mines & Indian laborers for the rubber plantations. British encourage Malays to farm for a living.

Tin, timber, resin, petroleum, gold mines insured by Lloyd’s of London. English plantations: tapioca, gambier, spice, cocoa, bananas, pepper, coffee, Ulu Tilam Rubber Estate, palm oil have indentured servants from India, southern China.

1948-1960: Batang Kali Massacre-Malayan Emergency: Workers fight plantation owners. Special Air Service Jungle commando unit, Special Constabulatory Unit, Gurkha Unit. 1950-1952: Transmigration Programme-Resettlement Plan: Resettlement of half a million plantation workers into 500 Resettlement Camps with round-the-clock armed sentries & barbed wire fences.

ProstitutionMedan, North Sumatra [Prostitution syndicate trafficking Indonesian girls & women from Medan to Malaysia. Syndicate makes identity cards & is accused of working with immigration officials to facilitate the departure of the women. Junior high school graduates told they will have good jobs as cellular phone shop attendants & then forced into prostitution. – Jakarta Post]

Life in Mongolia before Mongolian & Russian Communists took over resembled life in Tibet. The monks had religious & political power & great wealth. They owned large herds, which were given to them by the people as offerings. The youngest son of each family was expected to become a monk. The monks & a small group of nobles made up Mongolia’s upper class. The lower class consisted chiefly of herders who moved about the country with their flocks. The Communists established large livestock farms & tried to force herders to settle there. In the early 1990’s, the government allowed herders to leave the large farms. At the end of the 1990s the livestock herds & most agricultural land came under private ownership. (World Book Encyclopedia)

770AD - 929AD: Idrisid Caliphate: Sultan Idris ibn Abdallah at Fez
929AD - 1031AD: Moroccan Umayyad Caliphate
1209AD - 1229AD: Caliphate of Córdoba vs Pope Innocent III
1240 AD-1420 AD: Moroccan Marinid Caliphate / Banu Marin: Spain invades Morocco. The last Marinid fortress in Spain fell to Castile in 1344
1420-1550 AD: Wattasid Caliphate
1506-1550: Spain & Portugal seize coastline
1550AD - 1650AD: Saadian Caliphate: Sharif: Descendant of Mohammed
1650 AD: Alaouite Caliphate: Alawi Sharif
1873AD - 1894AD: Sultan Hassan I
1904: Spain [North, Sidi Ifni Port, S Strip] & France [everything else]
1911: 2nd Moroccan Crisis
1921: Republic of the Rif: Abd el-Krim Muhammad Ibn ’ Abd al-Karim Al-Khattabi (c.1882–1963) leader of the resistance against French-Spanish colonial rule. After years of fighting, in 1925 Marshal Henri Philippe Pétain & a Spanish army of 250,000 soldiers use mustard gas. El-Krim exiled to Réunion from 1926 to 1947, given asylum in Egypt
1947-1955: Sultan Muhammad V urges Moroccan self-government. France exiled him. National Liberation Army vs French troops
1956: Independant protectorate of France & Spain.

Berguent
Fes-Fez [Camp just west of Taza. Gold trading route to Timbuktu, Mali]

Mellila [Spanish, resentful of Britain’s hold on Gibraltar, retain Ceuta & Melilla]

Oujda [Algerian-Moroccan border. Inmates sent to camp by train. Nov. 8, 1942: USA Lieutenant General Dwight D. Eisenhower of the United States lands in Algeria & Morocco, defeating Vichy French forces]

Qued Zem [160 km inland from Casablanca, E. of Settat. Barbed wire across doors, windows, starvation, forced labor guards reinforced after escape of 10 Greeks (Holm 213)]

Moroccan Wall [The Wall of Shame, 2,500 km long defensive system of sand & stone walls with bunkers, fences, land-mines. Longer than the Berlin Wall & the West Bank],

Port Lyautey

Settat: Rudzin Camp #5 [S of Casablanca. 200 miles inland, forced labor, stone breaking, plantations, road work, starvation, no sanitation, dysentery, malaria, disease]

Sidi-El-Ayachi [Internment Camp: starvation, typhus, dysentery, malaria]

Taza [Forced Labor Camp. Transportation by rail from Casablanca under police escort. Communication with the outside world forbidden]

Tendrara [deportations to Natzweiler]

Papun District [SPDC: State Peace & Development Council state army murder, plant Chinese land mines, rice-tax. State destroys crops & murder livestock. Karen survive on herbal infusions, boiled bamboo shoots, ginger & klee root. State army has 400,000 men.]

Volunteer Legion Norwegen / 23rd Waffen SS Skijegerbataljon ‘Norge’: 1150 man reinforced battalion supported by Nobel-Prize winning author, Knut Hamsun. His son decorated with the Iron Cross, 2nd class

Operation Weserübung: NAZI authorities occupy Norway, impose martial law
NS: Nasjonal Samling AdministrasjonsrådetNorwegian NAZI Party Head of State: Vidkun Abraham Lauritz Quisling (executed)
Reichskommisar Josef Antonius Heinrich Terboven
German Emissary: Curt Bräuer

There is no free speech in Pakistan. Blasphemy is a capital offense subject to hanging

German-Soviet Boundary & Friendship Treaty: September 28, 1939: In 1939, after the signing of the Ribbentrop-Molotov Pact in August, the German invasion of Poland on 1 September & Soviet invasion of Poland on 17 September resulted in the country being occupied by the Soviet Union & Nazi Germany. – Wikipedia: Gestapo-NKVD Conferences
1939: Blitzkrieg: Lightening War: Invasion of Poland. All Jewish banking accounts frozen, schools closed, deportations, house arrests, street raids & Jewish Councils set up. 1941: yellow identity cards issued. Death penalty all who shelter the Jews or keep their belongings.

One, two, Freddy’s coming for you
Three, four, better lock your door
Five, six have a crucifix
Seven, eight, don’t stay up late
Nine, ten, never sleep again.
–Friedrich Krüger: A Nightmare on Elm Street ©1984

The Final Solution: Verdict of LG Hagen AZ:II Ks 1/64: Dr. Buhler’s request for extermination of all Jews by the end of 1942. SS-Brigadefuehrer Otto Globocnik (d. 1945); subordinate to General Government Supreme SS- Polizeifuehrer, Obergruppenfuehrer Friedrich Wilhelm Krüger (1894-1945)

Warehouses of the body-snachers where hundreds of prisoners worked frantically to sort, segregate & classify the clothes & the food & the valuables of those whose bodies were still burning, whose ashes would soon be used as a fertilizer. Nearby was another mountain, of blankets this time, 50,000 of them, maybe 100,000 – Auschwitz: Spartacus

Polenlager [Polish People Camps]
440 of these camps, where at least 1.5 million Poles were set to hard labor. Many of these camps were transient in nature, being opened & closed according to the labour needs of the occupiers. - Wikipedia

Voivod Lodzkie: KZ Litzmannstadt / Kalisz-Lódz Koncentrák [(pron. looj, wooj or lahdz) Camp to exterminate Polish children who could not be Germanized. Poland’s 2nd largest city walled off by barbed wire. Eve of WWII population 665,000, population in May 1944, 77,000. 1944: Himmler orders the Einsatzgrüppen: Death Commandos. 900 people hide in ruins.Aktion Gehsperre: SS Leader Hans Biebow (executed) ’s curfew, ban on movement forcibly signed by Judenälteste, Chaim Rumkowski King Chaim [later taken to Auschwitz], City declared Judenrein: Free of Jews. Ghetto had an Arbeitsressorte: industrial complex inside creating a ,000,000 profit. 12-hour days, producing garments, wood, metalwork, electronics for the German military. Children forced into extermination trucks. Others thrown from windows to die. Human experiments, organ harvesting at Kochanowka Hospital by Dr Carl Hans Heinze Sennhenn & Dr Werner Villinger (Philipps-Universität Marburg, & later WFMH: World Federation of Mental Health Chairman who throws himself off a cliff in 1961 when he goes on trial in Limberg for war crimes).

Clay puppet Mr Bill is sent to a psychiatrist when he is discovered drinking rye in an allyway with grafitti saying No Bills. Dr. I. M. Häns puts him under hypnosis & asks if he had any bad childhood memories. Mr Bill remembers his father was decapitated in Sluggoville. Häns asks if he had trouble during the holidays or a bad Christmas. Mr Bill recalls Sluggo dressed as Santa bringing a train that crushed him. Mr Bill is asked if he has any nightmares. Mr Bill sees himself flushed down a toilet & a circle of hands saying Sieg Heil. Mr Bill is taken out of hypnosis, told he has hands paranoia & is given a lobotomy by associate Dr. Sluggo. – Walter Williams, Mr Bill Gets Help, Saturday Night Live, NBC: National Broadcasting Company: USA: 1979

Jugenverwahrlag [Children Camp] Dzierzazna, Kalish (160)

Voivod Zachodnio-Pomorskie / Pommern-Preußen
KZ Elbing / Elblag-Stettin / Szczecin [pron SHCHEH cheen: Baltic seaport town at the mouth of the Oder River. Part of Germany before WWII & the capital of State of Pommern: Pomerania, German Prussia. After WWII most of eastern Pomerania absorbed into Poland, while western Pomerania went to Soviet East Germany]

Voivod Opolskie / Silesia Varsovie [Ghetto liquidated. Camp installed on ruins], Pustkow, Poniatowa, Schmotlz, Annaberg / Anny [GeStaPo transit camp] Polenlager Gorzyce-Gorzyczki [Silesia. It operated on the base of the Fryderyk mine facilities in 1942—1945. Mass grave. Transport depot at Lesna street, Gorzyce, holds a memorial plaque], Polenlager Katscher / Kietrz [Breslau-Wroclaw-Vratislav Durrogoy GeStaPo Camp: March 1933- July1934]

VL Sobibór : Sobibór Village, District of Woldawa, S of Brest-Litovsk, on the Chelm-Wlodawa Railroad line. Sobibor was the 2nd killing center constructed as part of Operation Reinhard. It was built along the Chelm-Wlodawa railway line, in a wooded, swampy, thinly populated region. Before the war, Luta was predominately a Ukrainian village, with Poles & Jews. The Germans came & took these Jewish families to the forest & shot them. In Luta, everyone knew the Germans were building a death camp nearby. On one occasion, all the men were taken by Germans to be shot in retaliation for the partisan attacks on German soldiers. They were almost executed, but the women of Luta bought them back. The paid the Germans with a huge supply of eggs. ...When I was 16, I was forced one cold December day in 1942 to take the family’s horse & wooden cart to transport Jews to Sobibor. I wasn’t the only one. Every peasant had to provide a cart. My father was supposed to transport the Jews, but he was so scared, he hid, & I had to do it. Once we got to Sobibor, the guards took the carts into the camp & left the peasants outside. I knew what was going to happen to my passengers. Everyone in the village knew. You could smell the smoke all the way from Sobibor to Luta. There’s not a moment in my life when I forget what happened. I can’t forget. I remember all the time. When I tell my family or friends the story of what happened, they don’t believe it. They tell me I’m telling fairy tales. – Jan Manaj, the villager (89:2)Sobibór I: May 1942 [1942: A high observation tower overlooked the entire area. Path to extermination area fenced in on either side with barbed wire intertwined with pine branches. The camp was surrounded by a minefield 50 feet wide. Commandant at Sobibór Franz Stangl (dead) of the Aktion T-4 Euthanasia program. 20,000 killed per day / 280,000 est. Experienced workers from Euthanasia programs occupied leading positions. Forester’s Cash Office extorted money & valuables. A forester's house used as camp offices & living quarters for the SS (89:2). SS-Unterscharfuehrer Erich Fuchs’ gas chambers at the other end of tube Sick & infirm shot. Northwestern part contains gas chambers, burial trenches & housing for Jewish prisoners employed there.] Sobibór II: May 1942 [The last camp to be provided with larger gas chambers in 1942 by SS-Unterscharfuehrer Erwin Lambert. 6 gas chambers, 3 rooms on each side. New gas chambers accommodate 4,000 persons at a time, the old ones only 600. SS-Scharfuehrer Lorenz Hackenholt in charge of the gas chambers in Belzec & Sobibór. They had both been posted to Sobibór by Christian Wirth. A rebellion at Sobibór took place in 1943 among POW Soviet army officers who were rounded up as the Nazi army pushed farther into the Soviet Union. According to Selma Engel, 10 SS men were dead, the electricity was out, & the telephone was cut dead. She ran toward the entrance with Chaim. By dusk, 300 had escaped & surveillance planes followed them at dawn. Most were killed by Nazi pursuers or died crossing the minefields. After the revolt, some joined partisan units; others found shelter among sympathetic Poles. It is estimated just 50 escapees survived the war. The camp was liquidated & covered over with dirt & trees. The Germans exploded the buildings in the camp & buried everything in a pit in the woods. A 1944 photo shot by the German Luftwaffe 6 months after the camp was dismantled. (89:2)], Sobibór III [Oberscharfuehrer Hubert Gomerski: A narrow-gauge mine-track ran from the railroad platform to the mass graves in Camp III. It was to replace the trolleys pulled by prisoners or horses. A lane known as the Schlauch: The Hose or Himmelfahrtstraße: The Way to Heaven ended at the gas chambers. Many camps at the end of WWII were destroyed, dismantled, or burned out of fear of being discovered by allied forces. The open question was. What happened to Sobibor? – Archeologist Richard Freund (89:2)]

Voivod Lubelskie / Galizia: Love
VL Lublin-Majdanek-Budzyn: Steyr-Daimler-Puch
In the city of Lublin, famous in the 1530s for their Jewish printing houses. 2nd largest Nazi Death Camp in Europe after Auschwitz. 25,000 killed per day. 400,000+. 7 gas chambers using Zyklon B & Carbon Monoxide, 2 wooden gallows, crematorium with 5 furnaces. SS-Brigadeführer Odilo Globocnik under Himmler with SS-Sturmbannführer Hermann Höfle, responsible for Reinhold Felix: collection of the victims’ valuables. Clothes, gold, money, jewelry & belongings stored, sorted at the unused hangars of Lublin Airfield, put into the Reichsbank. Aufseherin: Elsa Erich, Hermine Braunsteiner, Rosy Suess, Elisabeth Halt Die Klappe: Shut Your Mouth Knoblich. Lublin I: Majdanek: The Allies alleged at Nuremberg that the Germans killed 4 million at Auschwitz & another 1.5 million at Majdanek. Lublin II: Budzyn, Lublin III: Hrubiesow,Lublin IV: Lublin.Außlager: Satellite camps: Blizyn, Pulawy [typhus], Trawniki [death squad training camp.]

VL Belzec / BelzhetsGalizia: Belzec a small town in Tomazaw / Tomaszów District, Lublin, NW of Lvov, near Ukraine border. Lublin- Zamosc-Rawa Ruska-Lvov railroad line. Belzec I: March 1942:[Reception Center surrounded by barbed wire & 3 watchtowers. Built by the Polish inhabitants of the city & Soviet POWs under SS-Guards according to Stanislaw Kozak on November 1, 1941.Polizei-Kriminalkommissar Christian Wirth & Josef Oberhauser. SS-Robert Juhrs. Train brought into camp by specially selected team of railroad workers, gassing, gold teeth extracted,]
Belzec II: [Extermination Center: 15,000 killed per day under Aktion T-4 Euthanasia Program. (T-4 stands for the office’s address Tiergartenstraße 4 in Berlin). 100 Totenjuden: Jews of Death forced to drag the corpses from the gas chambers & to carry them to the open ditches covering up them up with sand, while thick black blood floods the ground like a lake, killed each day & replaced by new arrivals. SS-Scharfuehrer Heinrich Gley testified to incinerating corpses day & night without interruption with an average of 500,000 corpses within five months between November 1942-March 1943. Capablility of incinerating 2000 corpses within 24 hours. Zolkiew town 50 km. SW of Belzec liquidated in 1942]

VL Kulmhof: Kulm Temple-Chelmno: December 1941 Between Warsaw & Poznan, District of Kolo. Invaded by the Teutonic Knights in 1220 with the goal of exterminating the Prussian People. Extermination in 1410 called Operation Grünewald-Tannenberg: Operation Green Forest-Tree Mountain / Polish-Lithuanian-Teutonic War: 1409-1411. As a WWII VL: 350,000 dead with carbon monoxide in gas vans. Corpses incinerated with gasoline. Remaining bones placed on thin metal sheets, crushed & shaked through a narrow-mesh metal sieve. Ashes mixed with sand & garbage. Commander Hans Bothmann hung himself in 1947. SS-Standartenfuehrer Blobel’s Sonderaktion 1005 incinerate corpses at Kulmhof with incendiary bombs; then on wood fires straight from the gas chambers & existing mass graves

VL Treblinka
The Perfect Extermination Camp
At Treblinka village & railway station near Warsaw-Warszawa. Not far from Malkinia on the main Warsaw-Bialystok line & close to the Malkinia-Siedlce line. Director Kurt Franz sentenced to life in 1965. 25,000 killed per day. 1, 400,000 minimum est (witnesses were killed), starvation, urine drinking, poison gas. Gas chambers in a massive brick building in the center. Access paths, including the tube, in Treblinka named Street to Heaven by the SS-men. Treblinka I: April 1941[Pron. truh BLIHNG kuh: Infirmary, receiving area, Sonderkommandos unload train, undress passengers, thrown them in ditches, shoot & burn bodies. Others rushed into the gas chambers with attack dogs, whips & iron bars. 10,000-12,000 per day. 840,000+ in 1942], Treblinka II: April 1942 [500 prisoners, gas chambers that can kill 3000 in 2 hours & furnaces, dentists pull out gold teeth of the dead with pliers. Totenjuden: Jews of Death who clean the gas chambers, sift & bury the ashes. 1500 men work crews replaced every 3 to 5 days. SS Oberscharfuehrer Heinrich Matthes & Floß oversee corpse burning, In August 1943 forced laborers set fire to Treblinka II & tried to escape into the surrounding forest. Most were killed. The Nazis planted crops over mass graves & turned the area into a farm.]
Wirsitz / Wyrzysk: [Birthplace of Wernher Von Braun (1912-1977). 1932: Adviser in Germany’s rocket program. Developed the V-2 rocket, with which Germany bombed Allied cities during World War II. Sent to the U.S. to work on guided ballistic missile systems after the war. Jupiter rocket, USA’s Explorer 1 earth satellite, Saturn rockets, Apollo, 1972: He became an executive of Fairchild Industries. 1975-1977: President of the National Space Institute]

Chief Wardress Jane Bernigau has never been prosecuted.

Außenlager; Subcamps: Aslau, Bad Warmbrunn / Cieplice [Dorries-Fuellner], Berndorf / Bernartice [Jute], Brieg / Brzeg [Aerodrome], Bunslau / Boleslawiec, Bolkenhain, Dornhau, Dyhernfurth [Lubranil Society], Erlenbusch, Eule, Faulbruk [Armament inspection], Frierland, Fürstenstein-Schmiedenberg, Gadersdorf [Barthel Co], Gassen, Gebhardsdorf [Female Camp aviation], Görlitz [Female Camp], Granefort, Hartmanndorf [Walker Co], Hundsfeld, Kaltwasser: Coldwater [Weiden & Pertersil], Larche [Lingen Firm], Ludwigsdorf [Female Camp. Dynamite], Lehmwasser-Tannhausen, Marzbachtal [Weiden & Pertersil], Marzdorf, Mittelsteine, Niesky Klein Radisch, Oberalsstadt, Oberwustegiersdorf, Peterswaldau [Diehl & Ferd Co.], Reichenbach, Risznow, Schlesiersee Schanzenbau, Seuferwassergraben, Schotterwok, Striegau, Wolsberg
Christianstadt / Krzystkoce (Victor 143), Gellenau [Dierig Firm: 1,500 female prisoners (Victor 143)], Grünberg: Green Mountain / Zielona Gora [High Silesia], Gruschwitz / Kruszwice [Female Labor Camp], Neusalz: New Salt / Krusca, Halbstadt-Mezimesti [Messap Co. Colony] Hirschberg / Jelenia Gara, Hohenelbe / Wrszlabi, Kittlitztrebben / Kotlicki Trebin, Kratzau / Chrastava [Kratzau I & Kratzau II], Kursbach-Landeshut / Kamienogora, Langenbielau / Lielawa-Bielawa [Telefunken, Krijpp, Goldschmitt], Leszno / Lissa, Markstadt -Laskowitz [Krupp. Disciplinary Camp], Peritz [Labor camp at Bunzlau / Boleslawiec], Prausnitz / Prusnica, Parschnitz / Prici-Porici, Swiebodzice [Ksià Castle during the World War II, together with the underground cave complex, expanded to create Adolf Hitler’s private quarters], Waldenburg: Forest Town / Walbrzych [I.G Farben]. Wustegierdorf / Giercze Puste [Bahnhof: Train Station]

SA Gauleiter Danzig: Albert Förster (hung)
SS Hauptsturmführer Hans Jacobi: Unknown
SS Oberscharführer Hans Tolksdorf & Franz Spillmann: Acquitted & Released

Executed: SS Oberscharführer Ewald Foth, Alfred Nikolaysen, Johann Pauls, Albert Paulitz, Hans Rach & Josef Reiter, SS Oberaufseherinen Gerda Steinhoff: Stonetemple, SS Aufseherinen Jan Breit, Jenny-Wanda Barkmann, Elizabeth Becker, Wanda Klaff, & Ewa Paradies, SS Hauptsturmführer Theodor Meyer, SS Unterscharführer Kurt Dietrich & Fritz Peters, Waclaw Kozlowski, Fanciszek Szopinski, Tadeusz Kopczynski, SS Rottenführeren Karl Eggert, Paul Wellnitz, & Karl Zurell

Life Sentence: SS Hauptscharführeren Willi Buth & Erich Thun

15 Year Sentences:SS Hauptsturmführeren Albert Weckmüller & Wilhelm Vogler

12 Year Sentences:SS Unterscharführer Eduard Zerlin, SS Hauptscharführer: Otto Haupt

10 Year Sentences:SS Obersturmführer Karl Meinck, SS Oberscharführer Adolf Klaffke, SS Unterscharführeren Willy Witt, Emil Wenzel, Josef Stahl, Kurt Reduhn, Otto Schneider, Horst Köpke, Oskar Gottchau, Fritz Glawe, SS Hauptscharführeren Erich Jassen & Gustav Eberle, SS Scharführeren Rudolf Berg, Emil Lascheit & Otto Welke, SS Rottenführeren Adolf Grams & Werner Wöllnitz, SS Hauptsturmführer: Werner Hoppe

8 Year Sentences:SS Scharführeren: Karl Reger, Josef Wennhardt, Martin Stage, SS Unterscharführeren: Johannes Görtz & Adalbert Wolter

5 Year Sentences: SS Hauptscharführer Johann Lichtner, SS Oberscharführer Erich Mertens, SS Scharführeren: Hermann Link, Heinz Löwen & Martin Pentz, SS Unterscharführeren Erich Stampniok & Gustav Kautz, SS Obersturmführer Waldemar Henke, SS Sturmscharführer Johannes Wall, SS Rottenführeren: Johann Pfister, Alfred Tissler & Ernst Thulke, SS Aufseherinen Erna Beilhardt

4 Year Sentences: SS Scharführeren Nikolaus Dirnberger & Friedrich Tessmer, SS Unterscharführeren: Harry Müller & Johann Sporer, SS Sturmscharführer: Hans Möhrke, SS Hauptscharführer Richard Timm

3 Year Sentences: Kazimierz Kowalski, SS Scharführeren: Anton Kniffke, Hugo Ziehm & Walter Englert, Nikolai Klawan, SS Unterscharführer Karl - Otto Knott, SS Hauptsturmführer Christof Schwarz, SS Rottenführer Richard Akolt

7 Month Sentences: SS Hauptscharführer Richard Wohlfeil, SS Oberscharführeren Leopold Baumgartner, Bernard Eckermann, Walter Ringewald & Johann Wrobel, SS Unterscharführer Emil Paul, SS Rottenführeren Gustav Brodowski & Ernst Knappert

KL Bottschin / Bocion

KL Chorabie-Kiobia / Cieszyny-Gdansk

KL Danzig-Burggraben-Kokoschken / Danzig-Neufahrwasser / Danzigerwerf / Gdansk-Kokokszki Koncentrák / Gdansk: Water from Heaven N. Poland Baltic Seaport Town. 1308 AD: Administered by the Teutonic Knights. Herta Bothe concentration camp guard who death marched prisoners to Bergen-Belsen in 1945. Prisoners murdered using phenol injections to the heart. Museum has the utensils, surgical bed & needles. A ring of symbolic stones mark the holocaust stake. A 500 metre walk through the forest, to an excavated mass grave. Jews executed by firing squads, their bodies then burnt on funeral pyres. Children under 13. not admitted. (In Your Pocket 48)

KL Dzimianen / Dziemiany

KL Gotenhafen-Gdingen / Gdynia WWI battle. 1945: Baltic Sea mass grave for drowned people on torpedoed refugee ships, sinking of the Wilhelm Gustloff remains the worst maritime disaster of all time, killing 9,000+ people. 2005: Russian scientists found over 5,000 airplane wrecks, sunken warships lying in the bottom of the sea.

Gerdenau

Stutthof SK-III: Graudenz / Grudziadz SS Aufseherin Jenny Wanda Barkmann, Beautiful Specter, tortured people to death, selected women & children for the gas chambers. Arrested in May 1945 while trying to leave a train station in Gdansk. At the Stutthof Trial she is said to have flirted with her prison guards & was apparently seen arranging her hair while hearing testimony. She was publicly hanged on July 4, 1946, on Biskupia Gorka Hill near Gdansk

Gründorf: Greentown / Krogulno-Rawicz [Oppeln, Prussia]

Grodno / Gudohaj

Gutowo Koncentrák

Gsdyn

Jessu

KZ Kolkau Female Concentration Camp

Krzemieniewo

Lauenburg / Lebork: Middle Pomerania. Commander Ewa Paradies arrested by Polish officers in Lauenburg, May 1945 At the Stutthof trial, several witnesses told of Paradies abuse. One told the court, She forced a group of women prisoners, in the dead of winter to undress. Then she poured icy water over them. If they moved then she would beat them. Paradies was found guilty of murder, hanged on Biskupia Gorka Hill near Gdansk

Malken-Malki / Mierzynek

Natz / Nawitz, KZ Niesky / Niskie Brodno

Piasnica Koncentrák [60,000 Polish & Kashub inteligentsia killed by Albert Förster]

And We Shall Know Him... His name is Thorn – Halloween 5

1266: Teutonic Order Castle
1473: Mikotaj Kopernic / Copernicus born in Toru´n & raised by maternal uncle Lucas Watzenrode Prince-Bishop of Warmia. Collegiate Church of the Holy Cross in Breslau-Wroclaw (pron.VRAWTS lahf). The prefect of Rome claimed his body was buried in Frombork Cathedral, but a group of archeologists in 2004 failed to find it. The search for his body will continue in 2005.

Außlager: Satellite Camps: Bromberg / Bydgoszcz [30 km away. 85,000+ dead, 200 gassed in one month], Rippin [Bydgoszcz Province Einsatzgrüppen liquidated], Poschetzau / Bozicany, Scherokopas / Szerrokopas,Schiffenbeil / Zdunska-Wola Serappen / Obrzycko KZ Prault-Praust / Pruszcz Gdanski[Aerodrome] Sophienwalde / Myszyna, Stolp-Sluspk / SlipskStargard / Starorod

“Apart from denying certain facts & trying to throw the blame upon others or diminish the extent & gravity of the crimes alleged, the accused pleaded that he was only carrying out orders & instructions received from his superiors, which he had to obey as a military person. He also contended that the penalties he was inflicting upon the inmates; including putting them to death, were within his disciplinary jurisdiction as commandant of the camp, & were in accordance with the German regulations in force. The accused raised also the defence that his acts were legal because they were based on military necessity. Finally, one of the defending Counsel submitted that the Decree of 31st August, 1944, was not applicable to the accused in view of his German nationality, as it provided only for punishment of Polish subjects who committed offences against their own co-nationals. This plea could not, however, be upheld in view of the fact that, according to Article 3 para. 1, of the Polish Criminal Code, the Polish Criminal law is applicable to all persons, irrespective of their nationality, who committed a crime on the territory of the Polish State.”

KZ Szebnie [Near Jazlo. Göth shut down the concentration camp ordering the inmates to be murdered on the spot. Stole many millions of zloties worth of valuables], KZ Tarnow [Göth killed an unknown number of people on the spot. Others died through asphyxiation during transport by rail or were exterminated in other camps, in particular at Auschwitz.]

Voivod Podkarpackie / Galizia: Love: Zagorze, Kroscienko

Voivod Podlaskie: Bialystok [June 28, 1941: Red Friday: NAZI’s burn the city. 1000+ Jews forced into the synagogue & killed. Orders issued that any Jewish person in Poland found outside a ghetto will be shot. In August 1943 Jews rebel against the NAZI’s in the Bialystok Ghetto & shot to death]

2000 BC: Dacia
700 BC: Scythians & Sarmatians
101 AD: King Decebalus. Emperor Trajan resettles Dacia making it Romania.
Romanian is the only Eastern European language that comes from Latin, the language of the Romans.
1478: Prince Vlad Tepes Vlad the Impaler of Walachia loses to the Ottomans
1504: Ottomans seize Moldavia & Transylvania
1775: Holy Roman Empress Maria Teresa Hapsburg takes Bukovina from Turkey
1821: Tax Revolt against the Phanariots: Phanar district of Constantinople.
1881-1914: King Carol I, Karl Eitel Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen (1839-1914), 1st King of Romania.
WWI: Romania joins Allies after being promised Transylvania.
1914-1927: King Ferdinand of Sax-Coburg-Gotha of Bulgaria & Romania-Moldavia (Carol’s nephew)

Legiunea Arhanghelului Mihail: The Iron Guard founded by Corneliu Zelea Cordreanu.
1930-1940: King Carol II (Ferdinand’s son: Iron Guard forces out)
1940-1947: King Michael I Wettin (King deposed, stripped of his Romanian citizenship & lives in Switzerland)
1941: Ion Antonescu: ordered on-the-spot extermination of Jews. Deputy prime minister, Mihai Antonescu with Wehrmacht Eisatzgruppe D killed between 150,000 & 160,000 Jews during July & August 1941. Ion Antonescu’s goal was to have all the Jews of Romania annihilated in less than a year starting with Bukovina
1946: USSR organizes Romanian People’s Republic; part of the Eastern Bloc. Press calls it a Soviet satellite: nation controlled by USSR. Churchill warnsan Iron Curtain has descended across the Continent of Europe
Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej
1965-1989: Nicolae Ceausescu
1990-2001: Ion Iliescu
Romania is bordered on the N. & NE by Moldova, on E. by Ukraine, on W. by Hungary & Yugoslavia, & on S. by Bulgaria

Transylvania Region: Central & NW Romania: Transylvania has a sizeable Gypsy minority. The Carpathian Mountains & Southern Carpathians: Transylvanian Alps separate the region from the rest of Romania. Region’s largest city is Cluj-Napoca.
Bukovina Region [NE of Transylvania in the N. Carpathian Range. Soviets invade: Zionists & Enemies of the State deported to Siberia. Romanian NAZIs Infantry Battalion 16, Maj. Valeriu Carp, kills the Red Army & 1000s of Jews in the villages. property stolen], Chernovtsy [Ghetto. Einsatzgruppe D], Cotmani, Lujeni, Marculesti, Rezina [liquidated], Soroca [80% of Jewish residents murdered], Storojineti, Transnistria [Death march of 1,600 per day], Vertujeni [Daily death toll 170, starvation, torture, rape. Col.Vasile Agapie, an official of the National Bank of Romania steals valuables, sentenced to life], Vizhnitsa / Vascauti, Balti [Shot by the GeStaPo, houses burnt, death camp in Rautel forest]
Moldavia Region [NE: Extends from Transylvania to the Prut River along the border with Moldova]
Walachia Region: Bucuresti / Bucharest [Capital of Romania. Formerly named Circus of Hunger for the houses with no kitchens & the starving going to refectories for food now the site of a mall (Tichy 218) 1937: Near the Palace of the Republic stands the Romanian Athenaeum built in the late 1800s. 1941: Antonescu’s forces massacre peaceful crowds. 360+ men, women & children hunted down by armed gangs. No Legionaries killed. 1989: 1000s of demonstrators killed. President Nicolae Ceausescu ruling since 1965 & wife, Elena captured by the army. Charged with murder & embezzlement, they are executed on December 25. New President Ion Iliescu, National Salvation Front.], Timisoara [1989: 100s killed in demonstrations for an improved standard of living.], Banat Region: Iron Gate Dam [W. Romania from the mountains to Yugoslavia & Hungary. Dam stands at the Iron Gate, a gorge at the border between Yugoslavia & Romania. The power plant of the dam produces electricity for Romania & Yugoslavia. The Danube (a.k.a the Don / Donau) has become extremely polluted with chemicals & raw sewage.]
Dobruja Region: [Small plain between Danube & Black Sea. Sandy beaches & seaside resorts line Dobruja’s Black Sea coast. Constanta port-city.]

Sofia [Capital of Bulgaria: Reichstag Office burnt in 1933. 1944: Fatherland Front has Bulgarian soldiers unite with Tito’s men in Yugoslavia. Georgi Dimitrov’s Purges of ‘46, & ‘47. Dimitrov, Politburo Premier, dies in 1949 on a trip to Moscow, The Communists removed non-Communists from government. People they considered to be enemies were killed or sent to labor camps or prisons. Private property was seized, & the freedom of the people was restricted. Todor Zhivkov continued policies that restricted freedom of the people. During the early 1960s, the country still suffered from a severe shortage of basic goods & services. A revolt within the Communist Party led by Foreign Minister Petar Mladenov forced Zhivkov to resign from office November 1989.]

Stara Zagora [SS, Naval Infantry seize railways. Every day 8 to 10 trains with food & raw materials depart to the Reich]

Varna [Black Sea Port seized by the Luftwaffe]

Zabokreg [Wehrmacht Unit]

• Supreme Soviet of the USSR : 2 House Federal Parliament: Congresses are Soviet of the Union & Soviet of Nationalities. Soviet a Russian word meaning council Members called deputies.
• 1917-1924: Head of State & Chairman 2nd All-Russian Congress of Soviets: Vladimir Ilyich Ulanov: Vladimir Ilyich Lenin: Lena River, Siberia (1870-1924: shot by Dora Kaplan 1918)
• 1917-1927: Kommissar: Minister of War: Lev Davidovich Bronstein: Leon Trotsky (1879-1940: assassinated in Mexico City 1940: Icepick)
• Minister of Nationalities: Iosif Vissarionovich Djugashvili: Josef Stalin (1879-1953: poisoning): Stalin from a Russian word meaning Man of Steel.
• 1917: Council of Ministers: Founder of the KGB: Committee on State Security & Head of Russian Cheka / Tzeka: Felix Dzerzhinsky Iron Felix Arithometer: Calculator: 1924
• Kommissar for Internal Affairs (NKVD): Secret Police Chief: Nikolai Yezhov (-1940: executed)
• 1939: Kommissar General of State Security (GUGB) of the NKVD: Lavrentiy Pavlovitch Beria (1899-1953: executed by Marshal Pavel Batitsky under Malenkov)
• MGB Head: Vsevolod Nikolayevich Merkulov (replaced 1946 by Viktor Abakumov, 1953: Semyon Ignatyev)
• MVD Deputy Minister: Stepan Mamulov
• 1930: Kommissar of Foreign Affairs: Maxim Maximovich Litvino (1876-1951)
• Presidium of the Supreme Soviet: Legislation
• Politburo: Lev Kamenev
• Politburo: Grigori Zinoviev
• Republic Party Organizations: Each republic governed by a supreme soviet with a presidium, & council of ministers
• Regional Party Organizations
• District Party Organizations
• Primary Party Organizations: Local groups (factories, farms, offices, schools)

GULAG: Lagerya: Labor Camps Akmétchetka, Balanowka, Bar, Bisjumujsje, Bogdanovka, Citadelle, Czwartaki, Daugavpils, Domanievka, Edineti, Kielbasin / Kelbassino, Kislowodsk, Khorol, Klooga, N. Pechora, Mezjapark, Ponary, Rawa-Russkaja, Salapils, Strazdumujsje, Toksovo [Nikolai Yezhov, the signer of the Order in 1940 disappears], Yanowski, Vertugen, [2001: Shortages of food, services, & manufactured goods have been common features of city life in Russia. The shift toward capitalism that began in the 1990s has not yet cured the shortages. Even when goods become available, they are often too expensive for many people to afford (World Book)]Central Federal District: Butyrka Prison [Moscow: Lev Sergeyevich Termen: León Theremin, inventor of the theremin, burgler alarm & drum machine, imprisoned at Butyrka by Josef Stalin in 1938 & later sent to work in the Kolyma gold mines. Although rumors of his execution were widely circulated, Theremin was, in fact, put to work in a sharashka, together with Andrei Tupolev, Sergei Korolev, & other well-known scientists & engineers. The Soviet Union rehabilitated him in 1956. During his work at the sharashka, he was put in charge of other workers, Theremin created the Buran eavesdropping system & a bug called The Thing, , a tiny condenser microphone connected to a small quarter-wavelength antenna activated when 330 MHz microwaves beamed in. The Thing was embedded in a carved wooden plaque of the Great Seal of the United States in U.S. Ambassador Averell Harriman’s Moscow Office in 1945. MI5 counterintelligence officer Peter Wright heard conversations on an open radio channel in 1952 Theremin worked at the Moscow Conservatory of Music for 10 years. After Glasnost Theremin visited France in June 1989, the United States in 1991, where he was reunited with Clara Rockmore who performed a number of concerts. He made a concert at the Royal Conservatory of The Hague in early 1993 before dying in Moscow in 1993 at the age of 97 – Jolly, James, general editor (January, 1994). Obituaries. Gramophone Magazine 71 (848): 17. Middlesex, UK: General Gramophone Publications Limited. ISSN 0017-310X]European Russia: Kirov Oblast
Kirov Ballet
Soviet Bashkortostan Republic [Turkic speaking region],Soviet Udmurtia Republic
Northwestern Federal District: KL Königsberger / Kalingrad / Kaliningrad Oblast [Teutonic Order Komturia Camp: Ostpreußen: E. Prussia. N Part given to Russia. S Part given to Poland. State dissolved in 1945], KL Heiligenbeil / Mamonowo [E. Prussia on the border of Kalingrad], KL RagnitNorthwestern Federal District: Soviet Karelia Republic Nyen / Volgograd Oblast [Karelia Border, Gulf of Finland with a Teutonic castle. a.k.a Izhora/Ingria/Vod /Ingermanland/Inkeri. Great Northern War: Swedish deportee destination. WWII: population transfers: 63,000+ fled to Finland during World War II, sent back to Stalin & executed as unreliables. GULAG. High floor cells. Pushcart displayed pastries. If you had money you could buy anything you wanted. As some prisoners in our cell commented, you could not get such selection of bakery in the stores anywhere in Leningrad], Northwestern Federal District: Nenetsia [Nenets Okrug] Northwestern Federal District: Soviet Komi Republic, Northwestern Federal Disrict: Solovetsky IslesSolovki Camp [1921-1939: Onega Bay, White Sea. 1923. Had a sign that read: With an Iron Fist, We will Lead Humanity to Happiness. Beloye More: White Sea part of Arctic Sea & frozen from September to June. Russian sea-port town Novo-Kholmogory / Arkhangelsk. Other important one Nakhodka. Used as a WWII naval base. 6 islands known as the Solovki: Bolshoy Solovetsky Island, Anzersky Island, Bolshaya Muksalma, Malaya Muksalma, Bolshoy Zayatsky, Maly Zayatsky. Stone labyrinths]

North Caucasia Federal District: Chechyna [Soviet Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Republic] KL Grozny / Groznyy [1991-1999: Uniters of Chechnya & Dagestan for an Islamic State vs Russian troops. Russian troops bomb Chechnya’s cities & kill many civilians. Refugee camps. Government headquarters bombed. 2002: 200,000 estimated people remain without public services & depend on bread lines. Night curfews by Russian troops. One Chechen mother: “The bombs destroyed my house, Soldiers killed many of my relatives, & this war has turned my children into cripples... I hate this war, & I hate what Russians are doing to us.&#8221 (Professor Bret Wallach)]
North Caucasia Federal District: Kabardino-Balkariya Republic, North Caucasia Federal District: Dagestan / Daghestan: Mountain Land [Soviet Dagestan Republic] [SW Corner of Russia: Causacus Mts & Caspian Sea. Persia surrendered it to Russia in 1813. 1999: Civilians flee to Ingushetia]
North Caucasia Federal District: Ingushetia [1924: Soviet Union creates Ingush Autonomous Region & deports intellectuals. 1934: Ingush & Chechen political units combined. In 1944, Joseph Stalin deported all of the Ingush & Chechens to Kazakhstan & Siberia. 1000s died. 1957: Ingush allowed to return after Stalin’s death. 1991: Ingushetia attempts to reclaim Prigorodny from North Ossetia. Russian military intervenes. 60,000+ Ingush refugees.]
North Caucasia Federal District: Soviet North Ossetia-Alania Republic [South Ossetia is in Georgia.], North Caucasia Federal District: Soviet Karachay-Cherkess Republic, Causacus: Adygeya [Soviet Adygea Republic] [Caucasian rugs come from the Caucasus Mountains between Europe & Asia], Causacus: Kalmykia [Soviet Kalmykiya Republic]

Ural Federal District: Uralsky federalny okrug: Ural Mountains 1 of the boundaries between Europe & Asia. >12 million prisoners died at a Soviet camp called Perm-36 in the Ural Mountains. Governments in Vietnam, North Korea, & China have also held thousands of political prisoners in gulags (World Book Encyclopedia). The administrative center of the district is Yekaterinburg. Ural: Chuvashia [Soviet Chuvashian Republic] [Volga-Vyatka Region 1860–1914: Peasants leave homes. Final wave took place during Stolypin’s Land Reform Program. 1930: Kulak farmers deported to GULAGs], Soviet Mari El Republic [1/4 Russian population lives in rural areas. Huge government farms called sovkhozy. Collective government-contolled farms called kolkhozy. New laws allow people to withdraw from government farms & set up private farms]
Volga Federal District: Mordvinia / Respublika Mordoviya [Soviet Republic of Mordovia] Mordvin language is Finno-Ugric. The Golden Horde disintegrated in 1430s, which resulted in some Mordvins becoming subjects of Khanate of Kazan, whereas others were incorporated to the Muscovy. When Ivan IV of Russia annexed the khanate of Kazan in 1552, the Mordovin lands were subjugated to the Russian tsars. In the 1700s, the Latin alphabet was used in writing Mordvin, but from the mid-1800s, Cyrillic was used.

Tataristan [Soviet Tartaristan Republic / Tartary] Tatars (pronounced TAH tuhrz) are Turks & are related to the people of Turkey. Most are Muslim. During the 1200’s they joined with other Mongol tribes to invade eastern Europe. >1 1/2 million of them live in Tatarstan, a republic in Russia. Suslonger [GULAG: Railway station for timber transport. barracks, no electricity, forced labor, starvation], Kazan [NKVD: Soviet Police: Volga River, Western Russia: Forced labor prison inside a medieval fortress. starvation. 10 ounce/300 gram bread rations. transportation to Siberia by Stolypin rail-car. Tank training]

1932: NKVD official Petrovich Eduard Bierzin appointed manager (purged 1937) & Karp Aleksandrovich Pavlov commandant of the Kolyma camps.
1940-1948: Ivan Fedorovich Nikishev
1948-1950: Ivan Grigorevich Petrenko
1950-1953: I.L. Mitrakov
March 18, 1953: Ministry of Metallurgy
1970: Russian author Andrei Amalrik sentenced to Kolyma
1990s: Yeltsin releases Kolyma prisoners
Sibirsky federalny okrug: Siberian Federal District: Tannu Uriankhai / Respublika Tyva [Soviet Tuva Republic] In the far south of Siberia. Administered by Russia. Claimed by Republic of China. During the 1911 revolution in China, Tuva, part of Outer Mongolia, became the Urjanchai Republic before being brought under Russian protectorate as Uryankhay Kray under Tsar Nicholas II 1914. In 1911, Mongolia became independent under Russian protection. Following the Russian Revolution of 1917 most of Tuva was occupied from 5 July 1918 to 15 July 1919 by Aleksandr Kolchak’s White Russian troops. In autumn 1918 the SW part occupied by Chinese troops & the S part by Mongol troops led by Khatanbaatar Magsarjav. From July 1919 to February 1920 the communist Red Army controlled Tuva, but from 19 February 1920 to June 1921 it was occupied by China (governor Yan Shi-chao). On August 14, 1921 the Bolsheviks established Tannu-Tuva. Tuvans are known for throat-singing & the language is Turkic with Mongolian loan-words.
Soviet Altai Republic SW & W of Tannu Uriankhai. Golden Mountains of Altai
Soviet Khakhassia RepublicNW & N of Tannu Uriankhai
Soviet Buryatia Republic

• 1941: Ukraine Reichskommissar: Karl Rudolf Gerd von Rundstedt
• 1941 - 1943: Ukraine Reichkommissar: Erich Koch Ukrainian Volunteer SS Division
• Generalbezirk: General Districts
  1. Dnjepropetrowsk: Nikolaus Selzner
  2. Kiew / Kiev: Generalkommissar Waldemar Magunia
  3. Krim (Crimea) & Taurien: Alfred Eduard Frauenfeld
  4. Nikolajew: Ewald Oppermann
  5. Shitomir: Kurt Klemm
  6. Wolhynien-Podolien: Heinrich Schoene

KZ Janowitz-Janowice-Urchtovy-Janówska[Voivod Podkarpackie-Galizia Concentration Camp near Lvov. Simon Wiesenthal interned & transferred to a camp affiliated with the repair works in Lvov of the Ostbahn: Eastern Railroad of German-ruled Poland]
KZ Golta [Slobodka surburb liquidates 70,000+. 10,000+ death-marched to Golta concentration camp. 19, 582 transported in cattle wagons to Berezovka then killed in Golta], Khotin [1940: SS officers seige the city, shoot 2,000 soldiers, assault, rape, kill women, girls, rabbis, lawyers, doctors, teachers. Houses looted], Novoselitsa / Nua Sulita [1941: 800 Jews murdered, shot to death. survivors rounded up into a ghetto, killed or buried alive], Odessa [5th largest city in the Ukraine. 1905: Workers’ Uprising. Sergei Eisenstein’s Battleship Potemkin 100s of citizens murdered on the great stone staircase. At the top of the steps stands a statue of Richelieu. Famine in 1920s.1941: Odessa Massacre. 240,000+ dead from Einsatzkommando & Romanian Army. 5000+ Jews hanged or shot. 19, 000 Jews enclosed on Tolbukhin square, doused with gasoline & set on fire, 15 000 women, children & handicapped shot by machine guns at Dalnik under Lieutenant-Colonel Nicolae Deleanu. In order to make sure that no one had survived, they set the buildings on fire at 17:00 hours, grenade-launched it the next day], Secureni [60,000+. forced labor, starvation, disease, SS guards rape women & girls. Only 500 survive], Tutzin, Vinnitsa [late 1920s the state takes over farms. millions starve to death in the famine: Holodomor], Zhmerinka [Stalin], Zhitomir

When a government is in place, we have fully achieved our mission. Human rights is not a mission for a military service. Other organizations can be tasked with that. – Staff, Brig. Malu

Freetown [City for former slaves living in London. 1989: Foday Sankoh’s wars against the government with child soldiers. 500 UN Peacekeepers held hostage. 2 million people, 1/3+ of the population, displaced refugees in neighboring countries, 200,000+ dead, others disfigured & amputated with machetes. 2001: Sankoh indicted by UN-War Crimes Commission.]
Blood Diamonds: Child slaves work under armed guard for 2 cups of rice a day

• SS Governer of Czechoslovakia: Reinhard Tristan Eugen Heydrich, The Blond Beast, The Butcher of Prague, Der Henker: the Hangman (assasinated by Czech patriots, Jan Kubis & Josef Gabcik in Prague with a bomb May 26, 1942 on his journey to implement Final Solution for France)
  At Prague Cathedral, Wencelas Chapel he documented 11 million murdered Jews at the Wannsee Conference. Prague / Praha lies on the Vltava River, in the central part of the country. Prague Castle, once the home of the kings of Bohemia, stands on Hradcany: Castle Hill on the left bank of the Vltava River. St. Vitus’ Cathedral also stands on Hradcany. Palaces line the narrow, winding streets of Mala Strana, a district of Prague located on the slopes & at the bottom of the hill. Father Bruno composer of the opera Amen: Reinhard’s Crime. (129)
• Reinhard Tristan Eugen Heydrich & Hans Gunther receive Slavs & others racially unfit for Germanification. at Terezin – Prague
• SS Governor of Czechoslovakia: Ernst Kaltenbruer (takes over after Heydrich).
• Supreme Commander of the SS & the GeStaPo Police in Bohemia & Moravia.: Karl Hermann Frank
• Protectorate Commander of the Security Police: Horst Bohme (1942)
• Chief of the Prussian GeStaPo in PragueHans Geschke
• Supreme Commander of the SS & the GeStapo Police in Slovakia: Josef Tiso (hanged 1945).

1921: Czech word robot used to describe mechanical workers in play R.U.R by Karel Capek
1938: Munich Agreement: Czechoslovakia cedes Sudetenland region to Germany. Poland & Hungary claim parts. Eduard Benes flees.
1939: German troops occupy Prague during World War II. Many of Czechoslovakia’s people, including thousands of Jews, killed by the Germans
1945: Eduard Benes: Soviet Army: Ruthenia to Ukraine. Sudetenland returned
1948: Soviet Czechoslovak Communist Party: Chairman Klement Gottwald: Eastern Bloc country
1953-1957: President Antonin Zapotocky
1957-1968: President Antonin Novotny (removed)
1968: President: Ludvik Svoboda: Prague Spring: Action Program of liberalizations, increasing freedom of press, freedom of speech & freedom of movement & limiting power of the secret police & potentially withdrawing from the Warsaw Pact. Soviet Red Army with most of their Warsaw Pact allies [E. German, Bulgarian, Hungarian, & Polish troops] invade Czechoslovakia with tanks. Religious activities shut down, food lines. Invasion followed by a wave of emigration, including an estimated 70,000 Czechs initially fleeing, with total eventually reaching 300,000. The invasion sparked intense protests from Yugoslavia, Romania & China, & from Western European communist parties.
1975-1989: President Gustav Husak
1989-1991: Velvet Revolution: End of Communist Rule: Strikes. Party leader Milos Jakes resigns & Karel Urbanek replaces him.
On Dec. 31, 1992, Czechoslovakia ceases to exist, & the Czech Republic & Slovakia form in its place. Vaclav Havel resigns saying he did not want to preside over the breakup of his country. Prague capital of the Czech Republic. Slovakian language: Slovencina. Czech language: Cestina dialect of Slovakian: Slovencina

Masov´y hrob [Mass Grave] Ausona-Hallstatt Chapel [near Prague. plague bones on walls & ceilings, bone chandelier.], Prague / Praha [1300: Old Town Hall seat of Prague / Praha. Clock with statues of the 12 apostles that move every hour]

Außlager: Subcamps:
Kopisti
KZ Leitmeritz / Litomerice [Sudeten District: North of Prague on the Elbe River]
KZ Rabstein / Rabstejn [Kamenice River Valley. On October 1, 1942 , the entire complex of Preidl’s textile factories in Rabstejn, Janská & âeská Kamenice were confiscated by the Greater German Reich & Handed over to the company Weserflugzeugbau Bremen. 6000+ workers. Werk A Zone: Nové Brémy Camp. Weapons production, 1 camp with 700+ . Flosenbürg prisoners transported to build an underground factory in Janská] (185:8)
KZ Brüx-Maltheuern / Most [N. Bohemia. Childrens camp for Theriesenstadt]
KZ Lobositz / Lobosice-Lovosice [Sputh factory & an oil factory]
KZ Nestemice
Usti / Usti nad Labem [Schicht factory. Now a main manufacturing center]
Zalhostice

Slovenska Koncentrák [Slovakian Concentration Camps]: Bordered by Poland [N], Ukraine [E], Hungary [S] & Austria / Czech Republic [W]. The Little Carpathians & the White Carpathians dominate much of western & northwestern Slovakia. Danubian Lowlands make up southwestern Slovakia. Pressburg / Bratislava [1291: Chartered city 35 miles E. of Vienna, Austria on the Danube / Don River: railroad. Chemical, machinery, & petroleum factories. St. Martin’s Cathedral & Bratislava Castle]

Kosice [pron KAW shee tsay. 1241: King Bela IV of Hungary chartered settlement After the WWII, Kosice was returned to Czechoslovakia by Hungary.]

Jungfernbreschan / Panenske-Brezany[Castle Jungfer-Breschan]

Sered [1944: 416 prisoners transfered to Terezin (Porges)]

Czech Koncentrák [Czech Concentration Camps] Regions: Bohemia [W], Moravia-Morava [E: Named after a river (pron. moh RAY vee uh) which empties into the Don: Abyss a.k.a Danube: Water from Heaven. Slopes SW from Carpathian: Red & Sudeten: South Mts], Silesia [N. Other part in Poland]
Czech, noun 1. a member of a branch of the Slavs. Bohemians, Moravians, & Silesians are Czechs.

Holletrith Arbeitseinsatz: Hollerith Workdeath 150: KZ Graslitz / Kraslice [Inmates sent for extermination in Flossenbeurg]

Hollerith Arbeitseinsatz 561: KZ Neu Rohlau bis Nikolsburg / Nová Role [Near Prague: Director Christel Jankowsky. Pohl von der Neudeker Papierfabrik. Invalids amputated. Russian POWs, Catholics, 70 & 80 year old men & women. Train passengers unloaded with pistols. In the Kitchen of Hunger people grab for potato peelings.. Inmates sent for extermination in Flossenbeurg after being worked to death in the Bohemia China Factory (Sudenten: 161)]

Hollerith Arbeitseinsatz 603: Holleischen-Staab / Holysov [Inmates sent for extermination in Flossenbeurg. Holysov now production site of DaimerChrysler]

Hollerith Arbeitseinsatz 887: Zwodau / Svatava [Inmates deathmarched to Flossenbeurg]

Außig [Massacres in 1945. Residents shipped off to KZ Lerchenfeld & KZ Schöbritz]
KZ Brunnlitz / Bruenec [Kriegswichtige: War Essential Factory. Schindler’s list ones moved here]
KZ Faulknau-Bruss / Brusy-Eger-Cheb [In Cheb. Inmates death-marched to Flossenwieler. Eger part is in Hungary]
KZ Hertine / Rtyne
KZ Hohenstein-Sankt Joachimsthal / Jachymov [Public executions]
KZ Hohenelbe: High Elbe / Vrchlabi
KZ Hradischko
KZ Kaaden / Kadan [Tscachwitz: June 1945: Murders of Sudeten Germans (161)]
Karlsbad : Red Bath / Karlovy Vary (pron. KAHR law vih VAH rih) : Ohre River Health Resort with 19 Mineral Springs 70 miles W, of Prague. Sprudel Spring is 165 °F & yields 2,000 quarts of water a minute. Glassware, pottery, & china. Nearby hills have coal & kaolin, a clay used in making china. – Vojtech Mastny, Ph.D., Senior Research Scholar, Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars]
KL Klaidovka [Trial of Jan Kouril]
KL Klattau [Deportation & POW Camp]
KL Kolin
KZ Kremieniewo
KZ Krondorf-Sauerbrunn / Korunní Kyselka
KZ Lauenburg
KZ Lety [At Písek. built by Schwarzenberg]
KZ Lidice [Chelmo. 1942: SS unit kills all males: 172 of them (CC List) Women seperated from their children & taken to Ravensbrück concentration camp. Town completely destroyed. Legend says the SS destroyed it anger after the assasination of Reinhardt Tristan Eugen Heydrich. Zdena Zupikova one of the child survivors. (129)]
KZ Mülsen / St. Micheln: Saint Michael
KZ Malken / Mierzynek
KZ Marienbad: Sea Bath / Mariánské Lázne [Railroad labor camp in the Ore: Golden Mountains of Bohemia. Named after the mineral spring waters used for bathing. Coal mining in the mountains & industrial pollution have damaged the environment.]
KZ Nachod [POW Camp]
KZ Neutitschein: New Light / Nov´y Jicín
KZ Niemes-Prachatitz
KZ Niskie / Narazenie
KZ Schörnlinde [Deportation Camp. Executions]
KZ Sörgsdorf-Jauernig
KZ Stecken: Case [Near Iglau. Slave Auction]
KZ Steinschönau: Beautiful Stone / Kamenickém Senovû
KZ Tremosna-Pilsen / Plzen [Pilsner beer from here. Severe abuse, death, dysentery, typhus, dropsy. Bory Prison: Starvation related typhus (161)]
Tabor Prison
KZ Tepl
KZ Trautenau
KZ Troppau
KZ Weidseifen-Vietseifen Thomasdorf: Thomastown
KZ Zschachtz / Zschopau
KZ Znaim [POW Camp]

Moravia Koncentrák [Moravian Concentration Camps]
KZ Grulich / Kraliky[Famo-Werke Motorworks at this camp in Moravia]
KZ Gurein [Moravia]
KZ Mährisch-Weisswasser: Whitewater / Bila Voda: White Water [Moravian Internment Camp]
KU Nieder-Mohrau-Sternburg-Hodolein-Olmütz: Lower Moravia-Stern Castle / Dolní Moravice [Moravia]
KZ Reichenau / Richnow / Richnov / Rychnov na Moravê, [Near Trübau in Moravia. Crematorium]
KZ Zlin [Moravia Forced Labor Camp]

1. El Caudillo: The Leader: Generalísimo Francisco Franco Bahamonde (1892-1975).
2. Party Founder: José Antonio Primo de Rivera, 3rd Marquis of Estella (son of dictator Miguel Primo de Rivera)
3. Symbol: El yugo y las flechas: yoke & arrows, symbol of the Reyes Católicos: Catholic Kings
4. Anthem: Cara al Sol: Facing the Sun
5. Comunión Tradicionalista: Carlist faction. Symbol a red beret

• Youth organizations: Frente de Juventudes: Swan symbol of Cardenal Cisneros
• Flechas: Arrows
• Pelayos
• Sección Femenina: Young Women: Pilar Primo de Rivera
• After WWII Falangistas are Movimiento Nacional: National Movement. SS General Otto Skorzeny (dead) escapes to Spain. Adolfo Suárez Chief of the Movement.

Franco’s mass executions called paseitos: promenades. Spanish society cleansed of red Spain: trade unions, agragarians, political parties in Aragon, Valencia, Zaragoza, Madrid, Málaga, Bilbao, Barcelona, Gijón, Senander, Segovia, Sevilla, Pamplona, Cádiz, Sherish, Oviedo, Tarragona, Teruel, Toledo, Alcazar & Asturias, 330 assasinations, 113 general strikes, & the destruction of 160 religious buildings.
Region Galicia: Gaelic for Love: Galician Mountains [NW Spain. Dialect is Galician-Portuguese], Gijón [Asturias City: Museo de la Gaita: Museum of the Bagpipe], Oviedo [City in Asturias], Alcazar & Asturias [General López Ochoa & Lieutenant Colonel Juan Yagüe, under Minister of War Diego Hidalgo], Region: Icanti Briga / Cantabrian Mountains: Clear Water MountainsSanander [N. Spain. Franco’s mass executions], Billbao [Basque seaport city on Viscaya: Bay of Biscay / Gulf of Gascony known in ancient times as the Cantabrian Sea. Franco’s mass executions. Under Franco, many Basques & other Spaniards arrested for revolutionary activities. 1975: Franco executes 5 Basque rebels before his death], Guernica [Basque country. German Condor Legion Heinkel. 51 biplanes bomb it. Casualties estimated at 1,000,000+], Kingdom of Navarre / Navarra Small area E of Bilbao: Pamplona [Franco’s paseitos] Region: Miranda de Ebro [Burgos. After the fall of France in 1940. limpieza de sangre: cleanliness of blood. Judería - Castille Call - Majorca]Kingdom of Aragon: Fertile Place NE. Spain. Caesarea Augusta: Zaragoza / Saragossa [25 BC: Emperor Augustus. 1100 AD: Capital of Aragon], Teruel, Region: Cataluña: Grain Protector Girona [NE Spain: Catalon-Provençal dialect], Barcino-Barcelona [230 BC: Carthaginian Leader Hamilcar Barca. Capital], Tarragona, Montserrat: Latin for Notched Mountain, [The Black Virgin, a small, wooden, black figure of the Virgin Mary carved by Saint Luke & brought to Spain by Saint Peter AD 30 is Our Lady of Montserrat, Patron of Catalonia] Kingdom of Castile: Sego Briga / Segovia: The Path [Castille-Leon Province: North Central Spain], Toledo [Spanish Civil War: Alcazar destroyed. Alcazar name given to palaces built by Moorish rulers in Spanish cities. Castile-La Mancha Province], Valle de los Caídos: Valley of the Fallen Mausoleum: Madrid [Madrilenos speak Castilian Spanish, the official language of Spain. 1936: Spanish Civil War: Italian troops, Moroccan colonial soldiers. Franco ordered the mausoleum built with forced labor. Franco’s corpse is interred beside José Antonio’s, The dates of their deaths are both November 20th: 20N. The burial chamber lies inside a mountain. 46,000 men who died in the Spanish Civil War buried there. A cross 500 feet high, cut from a single piece of stone, stands on top of the mountain]

Region: Al Andaluz: Tarifa: Tarif ibn Malik [711 AD: Cádiz Province, Andalucia across the Strait of Gibraltar from Morocco. 1294: Sieged by the Marinids 1340: Castillian victory. Marinids return to Morocco. 1953: Spain & United States sign 10 year military agreement. Spain recieves billion+ in US grants & loans. US builds permanent Air Force & Navy bases in Spain.], Jerez de la Frontera a.k.a Sherish [Cádiz Province: Sherry from here], Málaga, Cádiz [pronounced kuh DIHZ or KAY dihz: Spain's chief naval station. Flota System: The riches of the American colonies poured into the city.], Seville-Sevilla [Andalucia Province: 1647-1652: Great Plague of Seville: 25% population dead.],Caliphate of Córdoba [Andalucia Province: Caliph: Successor of Mohammed, the former title of religious & political heads of some Moslem states. Also, calif, kalif, khalif, khalifa. Caliphate, noun. the rank, reign, government, or territory of a caliph. Also, califate, kalifate, khaleefate, khalifat, khalifate.], Kingdom of Granada: Pomegranate: Latin pomum (apple) + granatus (seeded): [Iliberis: Elvira] [Andalucia. Bronze Age Rose family red fruit native to the Caucasus, Sind/India, Middle E., Persia & Himalayas. Israeli & Hindu sacred plant, Qur’an Fruit of Paradise, Sumerian Cybele’s plant: wineapple in Ireland, Persephone’s rhoa: red Food of the Dead: Greek wedding, funeral & New Year fruit. Titan Orion marries Side, a name that in Boeotia: Anatolia means pomegranate. The Immortals, an elite infantry unit in ancient Persia, had spears with pomegranate-shaped counterweights at the butt made of gold (for officers) & silver (for regular infantry). Garnet is a stone named after the fruit color. – Ruck & Staples, The World of Classical Myth, 1994. Seize by King Ferdinand & Queen Isabella January 1492] Other Provinces: Huelva, Almería, Jaén.

Jarama [1936: La Battela del Jarama: Battle of Jarama: Spanish Civil War: International Brigades throw Spanish General Franco’s Falangists armed with Mauser grenade rifles, Italian Black Arrows, the French Foreign Legion & German Arrow Cross back from the gates of Madrid. Abraham Lincoln Brigade suffers 50% casualties but their song to Popeye the Sailor Man is noted: In a green little vale called Jarama, We made all the fascists cry Mama!; we fight for our pay, just 6¢ a day, & play football with a bomb-a – Source: Gang of 7 Animation]
Balearic Islands Province
(pronounced bal ee AR ihk): Group of 5 major Mediterranean Sea islands: [Majorca-Mallorca, Minorca-Menorca, Ibiza] & numerous smaller oneslying E. of Spain. Palma on Majorca is the capital of the islands. The Iberians, Phoenicians, Greeks, Carthaginians, Romans, & Byzantines all occupied the islands. Moors invaded the islands. 1230: Aragon took all the islands except Minorca, taken in 1287 (World Book). After the fall of France in 1940. limpieza de sangre: cleanliness of blood. Judería - Castille Call - MajorcaCanary Islands Provinces: Latin Canis: Dog Group of 13 volcanic islands in the Atlantic Ocean, 60 miles off the NW coast of the mainland of Africa. The islands cover 2,796 square miles & have 626 miles of coastline. 7 are inhabited. They have a population of 11/2 million. Ships going down the West African coast can stop there to refuel. The province of Santa Cruz de Tenerife includes the islands of Tenerife, La Palma, Gomera, & Hierro. Las Palmas province includes Gran Canaria, Lanzarote, & Fuerteventura. The people are of Spanish descent, mixed with the Guanches, a blond-haired people who originally lived there. Canary birds 1st found on the Canary Islands. The islands once belonged to Queen Catherine of Castile, & later to the Portuguese prince, Henry the Navigator. In 1479, they were returned to Spain. (World Book)

Undergångens arkitektur: Architecture of Doom © 1989: Peter Cohen. Skönhetskult och barbari i Tredje Riket.

Waffen SS 3.Kompanie: Schwedenzug: Waffen SS 3. Company 3. Sweden Train
Swedish SS-Hauptstrumführer: Hans-Gosta Pehrsson

Count Carl Gustaf Ericsson von Rosen (1909–1977): Swedish aviator, son of the explorer Erik von Rosen & nephew of Karin Göring, wife of Hermann Göring. Instructor for the Imperial Ethiopian Air Force.

Hermann Göring: World War I Ace & a taxi pilot for Svenska Lufttrafik.

Raoul Wallenberg: Foreign Ministry sends him to Budapest to give provisional Swedish passports to Hungarian Jews & set up the International Ghetto Captured by the Soviets, charged with spying for the Germans, he & Vilmos Langfelder lost
Swedish is a Germanic language that closely resembles Danish & Norwegian. People from Sweden, Denmark, & Norway can usually understand one another.
Lappland: Sapmi: Sami people live at the Arctic Circle
100 AD: Roman historian Tacitus writes of Svear People
800 AD: Vikings: Pirates
990 AD: Olof Skotkonung
1100 AD: German Hanseatic League controls waterways & fishing on Götland Island.
1397: Union of Kalmar: Queen Margaret of Denmark & Norway gains Sweden
1520: Blood-Bath: Massacre of Swedish nobles after the coronation of Christian II King of Denmark, Sweden & Norway. Martin Luther imprisons Christian II & converts Christian III of Denmark to Lutheranism.
1523: King Gustav I Vasa. Sweden independent.
1618-1648: 30 Years War / Baltic War: Sweden vs Russia, Poland, & Denmark.
1697-1718: Absolute Monarch Charles XI the Lion of the North cedes Baltic. Depicted with the goddess of Scania at his feet.
1818: Napoleonic Soldier Jean Baptiste Bernadotte elected king of Sweden as Charles XIV. Sweden’s present royal family is descended from him. (World Book)
1867-1886: Famine

Doverstorp [Internment camp]

Storsien [Norrbotten. 300-370 communists, syndicalists & pacifists kept during Winter 1939-1940]

Naartijärvi [S of Luleå]

Öxnered

Grytan [Östersund]

Dalarö

Vindeln [constructed in Västerbotten in 1943]

Stensele [constructed in Västerbotten in 1943]

Gravens [Plague Graves] St-Peter ’s Church, Malmö [Plague], Church of Ronneby [Plague], Adolf Fredrikskyrkan, Stockholm [1649: For unbaptised infants & non-Lutherans e.g René Descartes], Reval [1715: Great Northern War: Czar Peter I’s Russian army invades Sweden, conducts biological germ warfare by flinging plague-infected corpses over the city walls]

On December 6, 1944 a train dispatched from the Bergen-Belsen camp with 1 368 Jewish prisoners actually crossed the Swiss border. Among them were 97 Jews from Czechoslovakia. 4 days earlier - according to the recollections of Felix Kersten whom Himmler had been using for his international political contacts - the Reichsfuhrer of the SS at a meeting in Triberg promised to free 2 to 3,000 Jewish prisoners from Terezin on condition that the world press would not interpret this release as a sign of weakness on the part of Germany. On January 15, 1945, Himmler met Jean-Marie Musy, the former chairman of the Swiss Confederation Council for the 2nd time, & displayed his readiness to enable the departure of Jewish emigrants if Germany received for every one of them goods to the value of ,000. The 1st of these transports left Terezin on February 5 & 2 days later was welcomed on Swiss soil. According to Himmler's records of his meeting with Musy in January, this Swiss politician, who sympathized with Nazi Germany, repeated again that this Jewish problem by itself is only a secondary affair because the main thing is that it could stimulate greater developments. These did not take place and the 1st Terezin transport to Switzerland was the last one. (Porges)
Canton: Province Genf (German) / Genève (French) / Ginevra (Italian) / Geneva Switzerland has 3 official languages: German, French, & Italian. Latin name for Switzerland, Helvetia, appears on Swiss coins & postage stamps.Lake Geneva: Genfer See: Lac Leman: Rhône River lake cities: Vevey, Montreux, Geneva [SW Switzerland: WWII: 100,000+ refugees. 1954: CERN: European Organization for Nuclear Research]
Canton Vaud Lausanne [Lake Geneva: Capital of Vaud. Home of the Federal Tribunal]
Neuchâtel: Lake Neufchâtel
Canton Jura The Alps & the Jura Mountains cover more than half of Switzerland. [1979: French speakers]
Basel / Basilia Dominican Churchyard, Basel [Plague. 1523-1526: Hans Holbein the Younger, court painter to King Henry VIII, The Dance of Death woodcuts],Canton Zurich Lake Zurich on Limmat River. Zurich [1774: Stans Orphanage: Psychologist Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi’s Anschauung: German: Perception or Observation: Observation of objects, other people, & moral situations basis of all true knowledge. Children learn best in an atmosphere of love, rather than harsh discipline. 1916: Dadaism. IBM Zurich Research Laboratory: atomic scanning tunneling microscope]
Bodensee: Lake Constance in the upper Rhine River Valley where the borders of Germany, Switzerland, & Austria meet. Major towns include Konstanz & Friedrichshafen, Germany; Rorschach, Switzerland; & Bregenz, Austria
Canton Bern / Berne: Bear Bern / Berne [1191: Duke Berthold of Zahringen along Aare River. Bernese Oberland south of the city], Dominican Churchyard, Berne [Plague], KL Hausernmoos [Emmenthal], KL Inkl [Near Bern], KL Sumiswald [Near Bern]
Canton Luzern / Lucerne Vierwaldstatter See: Lake of 4 Forest Cantons: Lake of Lucerne (pronounced loo SURN): Luzern, Schwyz, Unterwalden, & Uri. Marienburger Komturia: KL Felsberg [Lucerne], Le Bridge du Moulin [Lucerne Plague Grave], Jesuits College, Lucerne [Plague Grave]
Canton Schweiz / Schwyz
Canton Uri[1291: The free men of Schwyz & Uri feared the growth of the Habsburgs’ power & invited the nearby region of Unterwalden to join them. The confederation came to be known as Switzerland]
Canton Unterwalden: Under Forest
Canton Graubunden
Speaks Romansch Latin. Saint Moritz.
Canton Valais Matterhorn in Pennine Alps. WWII: Swiss transportation tunnels in the Alps a supply link between Germany & Italy.
Canton Ticino Ticino River tributary of the Po River flows into the Adriatic Sea. Saint Gottard Pass.
Canton Aargau Lengnau
Lake Maggiore (pronounced muh JOHR ee): NW of Milan. Important cities include Locarno, Switzerland; & Stresa, Italy. Campo di Lavoro [Locarno, S Switzerland]
Saint Bernard Passes:2 Alpine military roads. Great St. Bernard Pass on border between Martigny,Valle d’Entremont, Switzerland & Valle D’Aosta, Italy. Little St. Bernard Pass between France & Italy: Mount Blanc. Each pass has a Augustinian hospice: refuge for travelers.
Die Grabeln [Mass Graves] Segendorf [1710 Plague]

1518: Turkish Sea Captain Barbarossa drives the Spanish from coastal areas
1518-1879: Ottoman Empire: Turks seize it & it is called the Barbary States the stronghold of pirates.
1879: Italian Prime Minister Agostino Depretis: Italy annexes
1881: Treaty of Bardo: Tunisian bombshell: French troops invade & declare it a French Protectorate.
1956: Independence

Kurgan-Tube located here. Dushanbe [(pron. doo SHAHN buh) 1926: Capital city at the foot of the Gissar Range of the Tian Shan (pron. tyehn shahn): Heavenly Mountains. 1929: Name changed to Stalinabad. 1961: Destalinization campaign changes name back. 1991: 1.2 million+ flee to Pakistan]

1488: Portuguese Bartolomeu Dias (pronounced bahr tul uh MEH oo DEE uhs) commands 1st European voyage around Capetown: Cape of Good Hope at the Southern tip of Africa.
1647: Dutch East India Company ’s Jan van Riebeeck exterminates the Khoikhoi: Men of Men
1715: Smallpox war commandos exterminate Bushmen/San & import slaves from India, Indonesia, Madagascar & Mozambique to work on plantations
1795: England invades.
1814: Netherlands cedes the Cape to England.
1818-1828: England vs Zulu leader Shaka. England seizes land from the Xhosa.
1835-1838: Great Trek: Andries Hendrik Potgieter’s 10,000 Dutch-speaking trekboers: migrant farmers (Dutch boer, German: bauer) journey into the interior of South Africa to seize land. Eastward expansion stopped by war with the Xhosa people.
1837: Andries Hendrik Potgieter attacks Ndebele people led by King Mzilikazi of the Khumala clan who control the Vaal River region. Dutch attack Mosega capital & Potgieter claimes Mzilikazi& #8217;s kingdom by right of conquest. Mzilikazi leads his people to the Matopo hills in Zimbabwe, where they establish a permanent home.
1838: Battle of Blood River: Boers under Piet Retief threaten Zulu leader Dingane/Digaan who kills them. Andries Pretorius crushes Zulu leader Dingaan. Paul Kruger: Kruger National Park has Zulu civilians arms hacked off. Zululand named Natal.
1840: Netherlands Railway Company: Andries Hendrik Potgieter’s Transvaal & Orange Free State
1842: England seizes Natal-Zululand
1860-1911: Asians from India recruited to work sugar plantations in Natal as contract laborers.
1867: Cecil John Rhodes: Rhodes Scholarship: joins his cotton grower brother, owner of Kimberly Diamond mines
1877-1881: 1st Anglo-Boer War: (pron. bawr) England seizes Transvaal, then known as the ZAR: Zuid Afrikan Republik: United South African Republic from the Netherlands. Dutch defeat English.
1879: Zulu War: English storm Pedi capital & defeat Sekwati’s successor, Sekhukhune
1888: Cape Colony Prime Minister Cecil John Rhodes of the British South Africa Company combines all his mines into De Beers Consolidated Mines
1892: Franchise & Ballots Bill: Africans denied voting rights. Land seizures
1895: Jameson Raids: Rhodes sends Leander Jameson to invade the Transvaal. 38,000+ Boers dead
1898: All the blacks in South Africa had lost their independence.
1899-1902: Tweede Vryheidsoorlog: 2nd Anglo-Boer War: Transvaal & the Orange Free State declare war on England. Treaty of Vereeniging ends war: Transvaal an English colony.
1902: Indentured laborers imported from China for the mines & they are flogged
1910: Union of South Africa
South African Secret Police: A society strong enough to impose violence on people. They have supported rulers who understood that regimes can endure for generations by relying chiefly on cold terror.
1912 ANC: African National Congress.
1914: Boer Rebellion: De Wet imprisoned. De la Rey shot.
1915: Prime Minister Louis Botha seizes German Southwest Africa (now Namibia).
1917: Prime Minister Jan Christiaan Smuts seizes German East Africa (now Tanzania)
1918: South African Prime Minister, Jan Christiaan Smuts publishes The League of Nations: A Practical Suggestion
1934: African voters removed from the Cape Province common roll
1948-1991: Daniel François Malan’s Apartheid: Seperateness in Afrikaans-Dutch:
A policy of rigid racial segregation. The government officially categorized people into 4 main racial groups: (1) black, (2) white, (3) Coloured, & (4) Asian. The government segregated the groups from one another in housing, education, employment, transportation & other public facilities.
1960: PAC: Pan-Africanist Congress targets laws that require blacks to carry passes: identity papers. Police open fire & kill 69. The government bans ANC & PAC.
1961: Prime Minister Dr Hendrik F.Verwoerd (assasinated) declares a Republic.
1966-1978: Prime Minister Balthazar J. Vorster.
1979: Prime Minister Pieter Willem Botha: Government allows labor unions & repeals the job reservation system, which had reserved certain jobs for certain races.
1980: New regulations permit restaurants & theaters to serve all races
1981: Students in each racial group required by law to attend separate public schools. Until 1981, the law did not require any black children to go to school.
1984-1990: Martial Law
1990: Prime Minister F. W. de Klerk releases Nelson Mandela, the most famous member of the ANC, from prison. Namibia gains full independence from South Africa.
1991: Homeless build makeshift shelters on empty land inside the city limits & on land along major roads leading into the cities.
1993: Voting rights to all races
1994-1999: President Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela (imprisoned 1962-1990)
South Africa has 11 official languages: (1) Afrikaans, (2) English, (3) Ndebele (officially known as isiNdebele), (4) Sepedi, (5) Sesotho, (6) Swazi (SiSwati), (7) Tsonga (Xitsonga), (8) Tswana (Setswana), (9) Venda (Tshivenda), (10) Xhosa (isiXhosa), & (11) Zulu (isiZulu).

North West Province [Transvaal / Bophuthatswana] The Sun City entertainment complex & nearby Pilanesberg National Park are North West’s leading tourist attractions. Road & rail routes to Botswana pass through North West. Home of the Tswana People. Klerksdorp [Railway Line: Lichtensburg-Klerksdorp-Vryburg], Vryburg: Free Town Camp, Mafeking Concentration Camp / Mafikeng [Administered from the Transvaal. Women washing clothes in water fouled by excrement. 400 typhus deaths a month. 2000+ Africans under the orders of Baden-Powell shot & left to die of starvation], Potchefstroom Camp [1838: Established by the Boers. Boer War: Lloyd George says 450,000 women & children killed per year. Estimated 3 million Boer dead]
Northern Province [Northern Transvaal] 1980s: Large numbers of Mozambicans, fleeing civil war, enter the region from the east through the Kruger National Park. Krugersdorp
Mpumalanga Province: Where the Sun Rises [Eastern Transvaal] Nelspruit [Provincial Capital. Many people live in poverty. Mines produce coal, andalusite, chrysotile, diamonds, gold, lead, manganese, silver, titanium, & vanadium. Some refugees from Mozambique live in the province. Some rural areas lack basic services, such as schools & hospitals (World Book)], Witbank [City], Ermelo [City], KwaNdebele Bantusan [Self-governing bantustan: black homeland created for the Ndebele a.k.a Matabele people. Abolished 1994. For many years, blacks were assigned to permanent residency in the homelands. On some lands previous owners had damaged the soil by overgrazing their herds. Only blacks who had jobs with white, urban employers were permitted to live temporarily in cities. They were restricted to segregated neighborhoods, far from the center of town. (World Book)], KaNgwane Bantusan [Self-governing bantustan: black homeland created for the Swazi / Ngwane speakers, Abolished 1994. Most commonly spoken language in the province is Swazi, followed by Zulu & Afrikaans], Barbeton / Barberton Concentration Camp [1884: Gold discovered], Middelburg Concentration Camp, Standerton Concentration Camp
Gauteng Province: Place of Gold [Transvaal / PWV: Pretoria-Witwatersrand-Vereeniging] Irene Camp [Pretoria. The administrative capital of South Africa. Parliament meets in Cape Town, the legislative capital], Johannesburg [Whipped until dead. survivors forced to work in mines & shot dead if protest. Area of the Highveld around Johannesburg called the Witwatersrand: the world’s largest & richest gold field of 1886. 2001: Farmers raise cattle, corn, fruits, potatoes, & wheat], Soweto: South Western Townships [12 miles southwest of Johannesburg: 40 sq miles.1923: Native Urban Areas Act decreed local councils had to provide housing for black people living in their area. Kliptown, Sophiatown, Western Native Townships established in & around Johannesburg for black & Colored people. 1927-1930: Klipspruit, Western & Eastern Townships. 1930: Orlando East 1st township making up modern day Soweto. 1950: Group Areas Act: Black people living in & around Johannesburg forced to move to newly laid-out townships SW of the city: Mofolo South, Moroka North, Jabavu, Molapo, & Moletsane owned by Johannesburg Mining Houses. 1976: Soweto Riots: School pupils spark off the resistance movement. 1978: Sowetans able to buy their homes on a 99-year lease basis. 1980s: Rent boycott. 1986: Freehold rights granted. 2001: 25 townships. Soweto has no town center. A shortage of communication links, electricity, & drainage systems makes life difficult. The use of coal as a fuel causes severe pollution. Most homes are overcrowded: as many as 17 people live in some houses. 9 hostels house 47,000 people, mainly migrant laborers. Housing is a major problem in Soweto with 8,000+ shacks in squatter camps & 50,000 backyard shacks on township properties. People living in these shacks pay rent to the owner of the house. Many small shops. Baragwanath Hospital the largest hospital in Africa. Soweto has 1 university campus, a teacher’s training college, & > 200 schools. Almost all the working people of Soweto travel to work in the Greater Johannesburg area. Individual car ownership is low. Most commuters travel by train or minitaxi. A railroad links Johannesburg with stations in Soweto. 50% of residents do not have jobs. (World Book)], Vereeniging
Free State [Transorangia: Orange Free State] Sotho: Mrs. Millicent Fawcett, & Lady Knox visit 33 white concentration camps. Thomas Pakeham reports 31 camps for Africans in the Orange Free State Alone: Aliwal N. Camp [Women & children starve to death], Bloemfontain: Fountain of Flowers Camp [Emily Hobhouse reports 1000s left to die of disease, typhus & starvation in rags. Military Governor: Major-General Pretyman: 13 toilets for 3,500 people, no water or soap they are luxury items. Doctor & 2 nurses die of typhus. The judicial capital of South Africa], Modderfontein [1901: Boer General Jan Smuts murders the Xhosa villagers, leaving their bodies unburied]. Norsvalpont, Springfontein
KwaZulu-Natal Province [Zululand] Pinetown, Pietermaritzburg [Germans from German Southwest Africa placed here. Surveyor General Dr P. C. Sutherland]
Western Cape Province [Cape Colony / Cape Province ] Xhosa: Cape Town [2008: AIDS activists celebrated the removal of South Africa’s health minister, accused of causing countless unnecessary deaths by promoting nutritional supplements instead of conventional medicine for people with HIV. New President Kgalema Motlanthe, within hours of taking office, won instant praise by announcing that Manto Tshabalala-Msimang would be removed as health minister & given a lesser post. Activists accused Tshabalala Misimang of spreading confusion about AIDS by saying she did not trust antiretroviral medicies & preferred nutritional supplements such as garlic, beetroot, olive oil & the African potato. Her views earned her the nickname Dr. Garlic & Dr Beetroot. (99:12)]
Balmoral Camp [110,000 Dutch & 107,000 Africans, starvation, farm destruction, disease, fed meat & flour crawling with maggots, poisoned with copper sulfate, ground glass, fishhooks & razor blades. Transportation in open cattle trucks]
Belfast Camp
Bethulie Camp
Boschoff Camp
Cape Argus
Heidelberg
Heilbron [Kitchener sends measels-infected internees into the town. Death-rate of 10 per day. Cemetery]
Hock
Kroonstad [Wolvehoek-Kroonstad Railway Line]
Merebank
Nylstroom
Turffontain
Volksrust
Vredefort
Eastern Cape Province [Transkei & Ciskei] Port Elizabeth Brandfort Camp [1901: 337 killed in 1 epidemic: Apartheid instituted. Nelson Mandela is Thembu Royalty, a subgroup of the Xhosa]
Northern Cape Province [Griqualand & Namaqualand] Griquatown [Missionaries name people of mixed ancestry Griqua. Khoisan ancestral homeland. 1871: Arbitration court rules the Diamond Lands belong to the Griqua under Nicholas Waterboer. English annex it. The Griqua at 1st benefited from the new economic activity associated with diamonds, but increasingly lost their lands to whites & descended into poverty (World Book: Northern Cape)], Kuruman [Mission Station: Founder: Robert Moffat], Magersfontein [1899-1902: 2nd Anglo-Boer War: Major battles. Part of the railway between Capetown & Kimberley], Sishen [Iron ore transported by railroad line to the port of Saldanha]Kimberley Deathcamp [Diamond mine owned by Cecil Rhodes: 10s of 1000s of miners, most white, tried to make their fortunes as diggers. Larger numbers of Africans traveled long distances to Kimberley to find work, for which they were often paid in guns. In the mid-1880’s, underground mining began. From that time, 1000s of African laborers were housed in closed compounds while they worked at Kimberley, to ensure that they did not keep any diamonds they found. (World Book)]. Orange River [Many Khoisan people killed. 1878: 1st Boer War: Cape authorities impose control all along the river. White sheep farmers take over the land. Non-whites removed to reserves & mission stations Orange River orginally called Gariep]

Etosha National Park[E. Gate near Namutoni dedicated to Friedrich von Lindequist, responsible for bringing the Karakul sheep from central Asia to the country after the people were massacred. By 1908 surviving Herero were forbidden to own cattle or land & he required them to carry messingsmarke: brass discs for identification, restricting them to reservations. He established a police force & several agricultural federations. From 1914 to 1933, he served as Deputy Chairman of the German Colonial Company. He died in 1945 on his asparagus farm. The term kolonialistischer Eroberung: colonial table Robbery is used to describe this one]

Ovamboland [Ovambo / Owambo people near Angolan border], Okavango River [Kavango People]. Okahandja [1885-1888: Heirich Ernst Göring’s Schutzstaffel Headquarters]

Caprivi Strip [Seized for access to the Zambesi river. Caprivian People]

Otjihanena [Concentration Camp collection point]

Omburo [Concentration Camp collection point]

Karibib [Concentration Camp]

Swakopmund [Concentration Camp. Typhus, starvation rations of uncooked rice, salt & water]

Shark Island [1905-1908: Concentration Camp at Lüderitz. German Shutzstaffel issue numbers, meticulously recording every death of a Herero in the camps & including the name. Death by starvation & forced labor. Inmates build the railway between Lüderitz & Keetmanshoop. Damara & Herero occupy central Namibia.]

Sleabaght [Slave Ships]
John Dunn [Hibernia, Gulnare. Indentured Chinese from Hong Kong to California. When the Gulnare rounded the Cape of Good Hope, the Chinese set fire to her & attacked the crew. Bankrupt in 1857], Messrs J & J Cooke / Herbert Cooke & Co [Londonderry], British East India Company: 1774: Baron George Macartney of Antrim & Baroness Jane Stuart of Bute (daughter of the Prime Minister)
Peerage The English monarch grants peerages on the recommendation of the prime minister. The monarch issues documents called letters patent, which creates the peerage & specifies how it will be inherited. Life peerage cannot be inherited.
Duke / Duchess: Ruler of a Duchy
Marquis / Marchioness: Ruler of an outlying province
Earl / Countess: Ruler of a Jarl
Viscount / Viscountess (pronounced VY kownt): Ruler of a Vicomte. Established 1440
Baron (pronounced BAIR uhn): Ruler of a Barony: Noblemen in the lowest rank in the British peerage. Greater barons became earls or dukes, often with the lesser barons as their retainers. The wife of a baron or a woman who holds a barony is a baroness. Until 1999, the holder of a barony was entitled to a seat in the House of Lords.
Baronet: Title taking rank between those of baron & knight created by King James I. A baronet is addressed as Sir.
Immunity from attachment: Freedom from arrest in civil cases for 40 days before & after a meeting of Parliament
Courtesy Title: The oldest son uses the highest of his father’s lesser titles. For example, the oldest son of the Duke of St. Albans uses the courtesy title Earl of Burford, but he is not a peer.

Slaughter
Donegal Corporation sub Dublin Corporation / Lord Aran: Viscount Earl Sudley

Viscount Castlereagh: Robert Stewart (1769-1822) War secretary & leader of the House of Commons from 1812 to 1822 persuaded the Irish Parliament to unite with the English Parliament in 1800 & served in the united parliament in 1801 until his death. Castlereagh’s mind gave way under strain in 1822, & he committed suicide.

Gaols: Houses of Love / Deathcamps
pron. GAY-L for holding the Gaelic: pron. GAY-LICK: love people. In the USA: jail
Mandatory identity cards with computer recorded fingerprints will be issued to all citizens & foreign guestworkers in the United Kingdom in 2007.
1999: 3 new political bodies:
(1) Northern Ireland Assembly [suspended 2000]
(2) North-South Ministerial Council: Northern Ireland & Republic of Ireland (Southern Ireland)
(3) British-Irish Council / Council of the Isles: UK, Ireland, Channel Islands, Isle of Man

Isle of Man [Manaw]
Ny Hewnyn: The Hebrews
England’s Council for German Jewry
This is an Island off the Coast of Ireland in the Irish sea. The Manx cat comes from here. Belfast, Northern Ireland is to the W. & Leeds, Yorkshire is to E. 32 miles long x 16 miles wide. Tax haven with banking industry. Population 85,000.

The head of the 6 adminstration districts is called the Coroner. The head of state is currently HM The Queen, her title on the Island is Lord of Mann. There is no Manx citizenship. Manx people are classed as British citizens but those defined as Manx under Protocol 3 have a special endorsement placed in their passports preventing them from freely living or working in European Union states. ...Travel to the Isle of Man is regulated by the local government laws. Visitors from countries who require a UK visa may also require a special Manx visa, obtainable from a British diplomatic mission. All non-Manx, including UK citizens, are required to obtain a work permit to take up employment on the Island. – Wikipedia

Ballancry Hanging:
Croghey: Foddey er dy henney v’ad croghey deiney son geid kirree, ny cooid erbee elley, veagh eh feeagh ny smoo na peesh groit as lherig. Te recortyssit j eh dooinney ren goaill yn sock j eh keeaght, voish boayl er-gerrey da Colby gys Ballarobert. Va’n sock feddynit er yn cheeaght echey, as va leagh currit er liorish bing cc groit as lherig, as v’eh croghit. Va MacSteaoin, sherin shaner Juan Juan yri Oe, va’n chied er dy gholl noi yn leigh..Cha row margey erbee son oarn, agh dy yannoo lhurie jeh, as ren dooinney geid sack dy oarn. Va MacSteaoin er y ving, as hug eli yn leagh groit er yn oarn, as ren yn ving rheynn ry cheilley ayns daa lieh, as hooar dooinney jeh. Ren yn vriw briaght jeh MacSteaoin, Quoid sack yinriagh eh creck ec yn leagh shen. Whilleen sack as yirinagh oo xiy merriu bio lurg daue er ye croghit. Ren Chiarn Athol caghlaa yn leigh. Hanging: Long ago they hanged a man for stealing sheep, or any other goods, that would be worth more than 4 pence halfpenny. It is recorded of a man who took the plough-share off a plough from a place near Colby to Ballarobert. The share was found on his plough, & the price put on it by the jury was 4 pence halfpenny, & he was hanged. Costain, the great grandfather of John John the grandson, was the 1st man who went against the law. There was not any market for barley, but to make ale of it, & a man stole a sack of barley, Costain was on the jury, & he put the price of 4 pence on the barley, & the jury divided into 2 divisions, & the man got off. The deemster asked Costain (son of Steven), How many sacks of barley he would sell at that price? As many sacks as the dead you could make alive after they were hanged. Lord Athol changed the law. (24: A Second Manx Scrapbook)

Isle of Man [Manaw]
Curragh Glass: Green Bog Pool [Valley below Greeba Mt. Henry VIII’s drowned witchcraft victims. 1504: 5th Earl of Derby, Lord of the Isle: All livestock & corn forfeited by felony conviction divided between the Lord of the Isle & the Coroner. (24)]
Slieau Whallian Mountain [2 miles from Peel. Accused witches who could swim burned alive or rolled from the top of Slieau Whallian in spiked barrels.Fines for drawing blood entered at the end of the 1st Manorial Roll, or rent-roll for each parish, in which women were often sufferers. Someblood-wipers - i.e. blood-wites or compensations-noticeable in court records held by the Bishops may be due to the same cause. Spirit shrieks nightly. (24)]
Castletown [Slattey: Ec lheid y traa shen jeh’n vlein, va ny deiney aegey, as ny ‘neenyn aegey, sumnit gys Ballachastal, as oddagh yn chiannoort, ny briwnyn, ny toshee yioarree, as ny oaseiryn elley, reih nane erbee dy bailleu, son hoght skilleeyn ‘sy vlein as nyn vreayll. Va’d goll ny vud oc gollrish reih booa ‘sy vargey, as va’n ghuilley, as ny ‘neen, yinnagh yn toshiagh.-jioarey cur yn dat orroo, v’ad eignit dy hirveish yn vlein shen, lhig daue ye booiagh ny dyn. Va warreevooar my yishig as v’ee er n’ghoaill da’n vriw liorish yn slattey, as hie ee gys Lunnon. Yarding: At a certain time of the year, the young men & young women (of the island) were summoned to Castletown, & the Governor, deemsters, coroners, & other officers, could choose any 1 he liked, for 8 shillings a year & their keep. They were going amongst them like choosing a cow at a fair, & the boys, or girls, the coroner would put his rod upon, they were obliged to serve for that year, whether they were willing or not. The great-grandmother of my father was taken for the deemster by the rod, & she went to London. (16)]
Ramsey [Concentration Camp. Rumors of phenol & tetanus injections. According to the Crown Dependancy Geography Locator: The Island has since disappeared due to land reclamation, but was formerly in the middle of the town’s river. Veiled references to it are in Francis Ford Coppola’s movie Dementia 13]

An order for 800 sets of the special BFC insignia to the SS clothing department is made at the SS Nordic Study Centre at St. Michaeli Kloster in Hildesheim.
1944: BFC train as assault pioneers at the Waffen-SS Pioneer School at the Wildermann Kaserne, Dresden. They are transferred to Berlin School Schonhauser Allee. At the SS Division Nordland, located at Angermunde, half join SS-Sturmbannführer Rudolf Saalbachhe on March 22, 1945 in Schoenberg & the other half to 3.Kompanie - Schwedenzug. They then went to Templin. On May 2, Cooper & the men with him surrendered to unit of the US Ninth Army near Schwerin. William Joyce (also known as ‘Lord Haw Haw’) tried. Their memory is survived in the band SOD: Stormtroopers of Death’s Speak English or Die. 2004: Prince Harry in NAZI garb at a party

I don’t want a holiday in the sun
I want to go to new Belsen
I want to see some History
’cause now I got a reasonable economy
. ..The Berlin wall.
Sensurround sound in a 2 inch wall
Well I was waiting for the communist call
I didn’t ask for sunshine & I got World War Three... – John Lydon & The Sex Pistols

British Crown Dependancy: Elizabeth II, Queen of Normandy signs all laws.

Alderney Island-L ’Isle d’Aurigny [1940: English evacuate native population & island taken over by Germans. KL Borkum: named for Borkum Island in OstFriesland: East Frisia in Lower Saxony, KL Norderny for Norderny Island in East Frisia, KL Syllt for Syllt Island in East Frisia in Lower Saxony. 687+ Russians alone dead from starvation, beating, forced labor under the SS Death’s Head Division Operation Todt. Others buried alive in tunnels. Evacuated in 1944 & the inmates death-marched to Neuengamme through Cherbourg, Lille & Hazebrouck. Others interned in the N. of France at Boulogne-sur-Mer . Alderney has been nicknamed the island of silence, due to the fact that little is known about what occurred there during the occupation. Some of the few remaining unevacuated Alderney natives also found themselves in camps.]

Casquets [Underwater sandstone ridge rocks 13 km NW of Alderney. 1734 owner Thomas Le Cocq installed 3 lighthouses. British Small Scale Raiding Force commando Operation Dryad, September 1942 seized the 7 lighthouse keepers as POWs]
Lisia-Guernsey-Guernesey [1294: French Raids kill islanders. Victor Hugo exiled Les Travailleurs de la mer 1940: German Watchtowers. Islanders sent to concentration camp Lager Lindele at Biberach an der Riß in Tübingen, SW Germany]

Lihou [Connected to Guernsey at low tide by an ancient stone causeway. Vraic: seaweed harvested & dried on frames set up on the beach. 1927 factory building produced iodine from seaweed. All traces of the industry disappeared during the German Occupation], Herm [1570: Guernsey governors’ hunting ground. Tenant Prince Gebhardt Fürst Blücher von Wahlstat built granite quarries from 1889-1914. Occupied by the Nazis during World War II], Jethou [S. of Herm. Not open to the public], Yn Tark-Sark Island-Sercq: Love Goddess[Seized by the Germans during WWII. Dame of Sark Sybil Mary Hathaway (13 January 1884-14 July 1974) did not evacuate the islanders. Bones are said to rise from the sea & it is said the dead will come for you if you stay on the island. Seignurship has passed to her grandson John Michel Beaumont], Brecqhou [Left of Sark. Owned by Sir David & Sir Frederick Barclay. No visitors], Burhou [Used by the Germans for target practice in WWII. No survivors], Jersey-Angia-Jèrriais [The Channel Islands (Les îles Normandes) were part of the Duchy of Normandy until it ceased allegiance to the English Crown in 1204. They remained predominately Norman-French speaking even as late as 1914. Islanders referring to the English monarch as Notre Duc. June Tabor: liner notes for Belle Rose, Rosa Mundi. Newfoundland fisheries, Occupied by the NAZIs from 1940-1945], Chausey [South of Jersey that is part of the French district of the Manche, Normandy. Channel Islands entrenched almost 40,000 German soldiers, sailors & airmen, snug behind Atlantic Wall fortifications stretching from Norway to the P&ycirc;yreneés], Ortac [No survivors], Isle of Wight [1770: Workhouse. Part of County Hampshire Workhouse Union], Hayling Island [Co. Hampshire], Portsea Island [Co. Hampshire], Les Minquiers: [Maîtresse Île, Les Maisons, Le Niêsant, Les Faucheurs, La Haute Grune. Featured in Victor Hugo’s novel Ninety-Three] Les Ecréhous: [Maîtr’Île, La Marmotchiéthe, Lé Bliantch’Île, Les D’mies, La Grand’ Naithe, L’Êtchièrviéthe, Lé Fou, La Froutchie] Les Dirouilles, Les Pierres de Lecq: The Paternosters

Effective burghs in Scotland from the coming into force of the Burgh Police Act 1892. Ineffective burghs, which had not used legislation to adopt a police system, take on local government duties and reform their town councils, were abolished on this date. A burgh (pronounced burruh) is the Scots’ term for a town or a municipality. It is correspondent with the Scandinavian Borg, the English- Borough, and the German Burg

Eaddeeyn-Vaaish [Mass Graves]
When you realise the pace at which those ancestors multiply – 4 grandparents, 8 great-grandparents, 16 great-great grandparents, etc. there are a lot of ancestors up there waiting to be discovered. You should, for example, have little difficulty in getting back to 1800 – & at that date there may very well have been 64 people from whom you can claim direct descent! – Alwyn Jones

Aberdeen-Kingswells Consumption Dyke, Gillahill [Bodysnatchers buried dismembered corpses in wooded enclosure (223)], Doctor Moir’s Aberdeen Anatomical Theatre [1832: Aberdeen Riots: Seiged by a mob and burnt to the ground. A dog digging at the rear of the theatre discovered a bone, which caused rumors that 100s of dismembered corpses were buried there], Achill Island, Argyll–Kilmartin Valley [Valley of the Ghosts (The Magic Shop)], Athole, Ayr–Loudounkirk / Kilwinning Abbey [Abandoned villages. dead noblemen buried in vault. built by the Benedictine The Order of the Holy Cross (Scottish Memories: 222)], Edinburgh-Bruntsfield Golf Course (Zombie Nation 223), Edinburgh’s Carubbers’ Close [1832: Cholera epidemic killed 600 in 6 months on the Royal Mile (270)], Edinburgh–Mary Kings Close [Formed in 1645 for the Inquisitiones Generales. People buried alive. Street bricked off at either end. (Morpeaux 225) For weeks their screams & cries for water, food & mercy could be heard, but gradually it grew quiet. 2 butchers who survived the Plague, were sent in to the Close to rid it of the bodies. They took 400 corpses [others say 600] & cut them into sections. ’ The souls still haunt the Close. Council City Chambers built over top (Castle of Spirits 226)], Edinburgh Theatre [Mass Grave], Glasgow City [Goulter’s Mortification of 1790], Govan Workhouse [Humane Society Inc. killed by drowning], Inverness-Culloden Moor [Fleet Street was overlooked by the skulls of the Scots rebels decapitated after 1745, skulls kept there till 1772 (Whats On 224)], Inverness [Mass starvation. whole families found dead of cholera in their beds]

Perth was Scotland’s capital for a time.
Register House, Edinburgh: the chief security for title to land in Scotland from 1617 on. Landowners now represented by the SRPBA: Scottish Rural Property & Business Association of Musselburgh, just outside Edinburgh.

Duke of Buccleuch (270,900 acres as of 2005) estates, castles & palaces in Selkirkshire, Dumfriesshire, Dalkeith Palace in Edinburgh. His sister is the Duchess of Northumberland & her daughter is Duchess of Sutherland.

Earl of Mansfield: Scone Palace, Perthshire: Feudal Tenure Bill & Land Register of 1617
Wm. MacDonald, St Martin’s Abbey, Perth, 22,600, £9,191
Earl of Kinnoull, Dupplin Castle, Perth, 12,657, £15,413
Baroness Willoughby D’Eresby, Drummond Castle, Crieff [Earls of Ancaster: Heathcote-Drummond-Willoughby-D’Eresby], 76,837, £28,955
C.S Home-Drummond-Moray, Abercairney, 38,797, £29,720
Sir Patrick Keith Bart-Murray of Ochtertyre, Crieff, 17,876, £11,051
David Robertson-Williamson of Lawers, Crieff, 30,094, £6,205
Sir Archibald D. Bart Stewart, Murthly Castle, 33,274, £18,040 [Now Don Steuart- Fothringham]
Francis W Garden-Campbell, Troup-Glenlyon House, 10,516, £1,620
Sir Robert Bart Menzies, Castle Menzies, 68,248, £11,647
Sir James Henry Bart-Ramsay, Bamff House, Alyth, 12,845, £3,394
Alexr. Gilbert Robertson of Struan, in Jamaica, 18,000, £1,038
Major Robert Stewart, Ardvorlich, Lochearnside, 10,001, £2,654
Col. Alexr. MacIan MacDonald of Dunalastair, Strath Tummel, 14,000, £2,675
Lt-Col. J.R. Farquharson, Invercauld, Braemar, 20,056, £1,508 [now AAC Farquharson]
David Carnegie, Skibo Castle, Stronvar, Balquhidder, 22,205, £3,558 [Andrew Carnegie inherited]
John Buchanan-Baillie-Hamilton, Cambusmore, Callander, 12,172, £3,207
Mrs Margaret Malcolm-Patton, Glenalmond, 11,074, £1,995 [Now Sir Jasper Whitaker]
Archibald Butter, Faskally, Pitlochry, 17,586, £5,670
Patrick Small Keir, Kindrogan & Strathardle, 10,000, £2,445
Edward G Place, Lochdochart, Killin, 10,500, £1,130 [Ben Challum Ltd]
Richard Hemming, Rachael & Glaschorie & Bently Manor, Bromsgrove, 10,000, £155
1879: Edgar Wm Robertson, Duke of Atholl, Blair Castle, 216,372 acres, £43, 662.
Earl of Breadalbane, Taymouth Castle: 1879: 234,166 acres, £35,977 annual rental
James Patrick McInroy of Lude, Blair Atholl, 15,680 acres, £2,460. Pearson subsidiary. The mother of the present duke is not only sister to the richest Baron in Britain – Viscount Cowdray, who through a network of family trusts controls a powerful industrial empire – but is herself an able business woman, director of a number of family enterprises, and chairman of Westminster Press Provincial Newspapers. Deer carcasses from his hunting estate are sold as luxury venison in Germany. – Acreocracy of Perthshire

Thie ny Moght [Place of Death]Scottish Borders: Duchy & County of Berwickshire [Duns-shire]: Galashiels Poorhouse [1881-1950: Mass graves], Dhùn Bhreatainn: Dumbarton Workhouse, Duchy & County of Roxburgh: Harwick Poorhouse [1857: 133+ inmates], Jedburgh’s, The Rowans Museum [1825: Castle turned into a workhouse & reformed jail. 1881 Census. (270)], County Peeble [Tweedale]: Peebles Workhouse [Rosetta Rd], Galldachd [Lowlands] (Low Tide Moon): Lowland Dialect: Galwegian Gaelic: Barony & County of Dumfriesshire Dumfries Hospital [1751: James & William Moorhead (71) Here on a site near the current building stood the original hospital which, in the early days of medicine, had catered for the mentally-disturbed by chaining the more violent to walls of the cells in treatment rooms. During modernization: The cellars & special rooms sealed off or used merely for storage, though retaining the iron-barred doors & manacles in the walls. The hospital was closed & it became a boarding school. In 1963, the whole construction was levelled to the ground, leaving the grim reminders of the days of Bedlam untouched but buried. (Mystical: 253)], Annan [1708-1918: One of the Dumfries Burghs with Lochmaben & Sanquhar], Kirkpatrick-Fleming [1861], Upper Nithsdale [1881], Galloway: County Kirkudbrightshire (pronounced Kir-COO-bri-shir) [Mearns Mormaerdon]:Kirkcudbright Workhouse [1849-1950], West Galloway: County Wigtownshire [Lord Lieutenant of Wigtown]: Rinns of Galloway [1850: Stranraer, Wigtownshire. 381+ inmates. Described in 1946 as worn-out, dreary without proper sanitation or heating], County also includes the Mull of Galloway and the Machars: New Statistical Account of Scotland ©1834 Inbhir-Àir: Barony & County of Ayrshire [Carrick Mormaerdon]: Now split into N. Ayrshire, S. Ayrshire & Siorrachd Inbhir Àir an Ear: East Ayrshire. [Loudoun District, Kilmarnock District, Cumnock District, Loch Doon District], Ayr [1756: 150+ inmates. H-Block childrens’ quarters. inmates dying from: pneumonia, pleurisy, phthisis, cancer, paralysis from starvation, senile decay: wet cases (71)], Barr [Brythonic language had disappeared according to a reference in The Carrick Covenanters by James Crichton, village of Barr in Carrick: inland to the east of Girvan], Cunninghame [1857-1996: Irvine. Punishment beatings. Irvine 1 of the Ayr Burghs with Ardrossan, Ayr, Prestwick, Saltcoats, Troon], Maybole [1867-1918: Burgh of Barony in 1516], Siorrachd Rinn Friù: County Renfrewshire Now split into Renfrewshire & E. Renfrewshire: Paisley Asylum-Abbey Parish-Renfrewshire Abbey [1849: 650+ inmates. Oakum picking, Infirmary], Busby [1906], Greenock Parochial Lunatic Asylum [1868-1941: Starved to death on broth, bread, & herring, fed twice a week. Coal shoveling. Girls covered with lice eggs, insects & vermin. 1934: Inmates drugged with thormaldithyde & bromide by nuns. Half of male inmates from N. Uist], Duchy & County of Dunbartonshire: Black Fortress Now split into E. & W. Dunbartonshire: Dumbarton Workhouse [1861: W, Infirmary (287): Dumbarton Royal Burgh by 1532], County Inverclyde: Mouth of the Gleaming River Greenock, County Lanarkshire [Lannraig]: Glasgow: Dear Green Place: Glaswegian Gaelic Now split into N. & S. Lanarkshire: E. of Glasgow City. Glasgow lies on the River Clyde: Raven Gleam: Strathclyde Cambusnethan [Inmates stripped naked, starved to death on broth, whipped, & drowned in cold baths], Dalziel [1903: Laundry, disinfector], Monklands [2 workhouses. Child murder], Town’s Hospital Inc. [1730], Glasgow City Poorhouse [1809: 1500 beds], Glasgow Barony–Barnhill [1853: Mass graves. Railway station. Children starved to death on the C-Plan of oatmeal, bread & milk. Old women starved on tea & bread], Hutcheson’s Hospital [1639: Mass grave], Stobhill Poor Hospital [1903-1930: 2000 beds], W. District [1903], Eastern District [1904-1996: Duke St], Buchanan Institution [47 Greenhead St. Destitute boys], Night Asylum [71 N. Frederick St. Poor women], Glasgow Home for Deserted Mothers [308 Renfrew St], Queen’s Park Deaf & Dumb Asylum, Hamilton [1864-1930: Bothwell Rd. No running water, pigsty, rats], Lanark [fever hospital], Lesmahagow [Castle owned by Sirdar Iqbal Singh as of 1999], March & County of Linlithgow [West Lothian: Léoneis: Raven Place]: Lithingow / Linlithgow Workhouse [1851-1969: Marquis of Linlithgow. 500+ inmates crush bones of the dead. Stonebreaking. 1900: St. Michael’s Home Infectious Disease Hospital], Duchy of Edinburgh / County Edinburghshire [Midlothian: Léoneis: Raven Place]: Edinburgh is to the W. of Glasgow on volcanic soil: Dalkeith Castle [1881 Census], North Leith Poorhouse [1763: Citadel], South Leith Poorhouse [1763: 97 Giles St], Leith Parish Poorhouse [1863: N. Junction St. Dead Room Mortuary], Seafield Rd Poorhouse [1906: Leith. 650+ inmates. Last poorhouse built in Scotland. Cruciform infirmary. Closed 2002 (71)], Din Eidyn / Dùn-éideann: City of Edinburgh: (pron DOON EDIN) Cannongate Charity Workhouse [1762: Tollbooth Wynd: 64 Cannongate], Edinburgh Charity Poorhouse [1739: Port Bristo. 484+ adults, 180+ children], Edinburgh City Poorhouse-Morningside [1867: Morningside Rd: plague. bones of the victims in rose beds. (223)], Edinburgh–Grassmarket Workhouse, St. Cuthbert’s-Westkirk Charity Poorhouse-Now Caledonian Hotel [1758: Craigleith: 4 story parapet with iron railing, gatekeeper, fumigator, probationary wards, airing yards, infirmary, chapel, dining hall, kitchen, Aged Women’s Room, laundry, Doctors’ & Surgeons’ Room. Foul air ward. Orphans separated into Very Decent, Decent, Bastardy & Depraved with 4 seperate doors for each. 410 inmates called chattel in 1866 by Trustees of Fettes College under Sir James Gardiner Baird Bart. 1914: POWs then Ministry of Pensions (71)], Orphan Hospital [1733: Dean Bridge], Girls’ House of Refuge [Western Suburbs], Rescue & Probationary Home for Fallen Women [1861: 18 St John’s Hill], Edinburgh Industrial Home for Fallen Women [Alnwick Hill, Liberton], Hospital for the Aged & Infirm [Run by Little Sisters of the Poor], St Mary’s Hospital [1619: Leith Wynd], Regality & County of Haddingtonshire [East Lothian: Léoneis: Raven Place]: East Lothian Workhouse [1864-1946: East Linton, Prestonkirk. East Linton became a burgh in 1863. Prestonpans Burgh of Barony in 1552. Haddington Royal Burghs 1708-1885: Dunbar, Haddington, North Berwick],Fìobh: County Fife [Fife Mormaerdon]: Dunfermline [1843: Located on Cemetery Rd. Now Leys Park Rd], Dysart [1863: Thornton, East Fife. Financed by the Scottish Widows of Edinburgh. Inmates starved to death on gruel. Slavery in laundries & garden (71)], Kircaldy [1895], St Andrews Royal Burghs [Ansruther, Crail, Kilrenny, Pitterweem], Burnt IslandCentral: Regality & County of Clackmannanshire: Alloa Burgh of Regality [1497], Alva Burgh, Dollar Burgh of Regality [1702], Tillicoultry Burgh of Barony [1634] Duchy & County of Sterlingshire-Stirlingshire [Lennox Mormaerdon]: Duke of Montrose, Buchanan Castle, Sterlingshire, Falkirk Poorhouse [1850: Near railway station, iron barred windows, seclusion room 9 ft. long, 61/2 ft. wide, 11" ht, shower bath punishment. Gassed to death in fever hospital, 1857 Inspection & report by Lunacy Commissioners (Higganbotham 71). Myot Hill: Maeatae: Stone People], Windsor Rd Poorhouse [1905], Sterlingshire Poorhouse [1860: Bridge St, Loch Lomond, Sterling], Ebudae: Yew: Inner Hebrides: Strathclyde Region: Stream of the Gleaming RiverCounty Ross: Red Place [Ross Mormaerdom]: Nodoreys: Northern Islands: Skye Workhouse [1851-1933: Isle of Skye, Loch Bracadale: Freckled Trout Lake, Hebridean Sea. Owned by John Mackenzie, whose family has owned the Isle of Skye for 500 years. Infirmary, fever wards. Workhouse taken over by the Carnegie Foundation], Oronsay: Golden Leaves Island, Wiay Island, Isay Island: Fertile Crops, Eilean nan Caorach: Yew Berry, Ascrib Islands: Clett, Mingay & Tarner (Harlosh), Lindil, Eilean Bàn: White Island, Kyle of Scalpay: Clear Stream: W of Skye: Scalpay, Staffin Islands: Hebridean Sea. NE of Skye: Eilean Flodigarry, Tulm Island, Roe / Loch na Cairidh: Red Yew Berry Lake: A’Chomraich: Applecross peninsula links to Wester Ross, E of Skye: Gairloch: Red Yew Berry Island, Danna:Water from Heaven, Longay: Blackbird Island, Pabay: Thieves’ Island, Ratharsair: Isle of Raasay: Isle of Roe: Red Deer Island [Inverarish village served as a prisoner-of-war camp for Germans during the World War I. Iron mines. Hallaig is the deserted township called the ghost clachan N. of Beinn na Lice], S Rona: Red Deer, Eilanan Crò linne: Crowlin: Nut Islands: Eilean Beag: Little Island, Eilean Meadhonach: Middle Island & Eilean Mór: Big Island, Elianan Beg: Small Isles: Hebridean Sea. S. of Skye Eigg, Muck: Pig Island, Cuillen: Hazel. Soay: Sheep Island in Norse, Canna [Workhouse], Rùm-Phoebus Island The Forbidden Isle [1826: Cleared of human population for sheep farming. 400 sent to slavery in Canada. Purchased by the Marquis of Salisbury for hunting estate. Sir George Bullough, a textile tycoon from Lancashire’s father bought Rùm for his summer residence. His Kinloch Castle featured BBC’s Restoration as a bid for funds to restore it.Escape from Experiment Island a reality TV show filmed on the Island & broadcast by the Learning Channel had American Teams build vehicles to escape from the island in 2002. Currently protected from tourists by strict access rules], Sanda-Sanday, Oigh-Sgeir: Reef, Garbh Sgeir: Rough Reef, Humla, Eileananan Each, Eilean Chathastail: Castle Island, Dubh Sgeir: Black Reef, Eagamo, Ny h-Ellanyn Souree: Summer Isles: Loch Broom, Ullapool (Apple Region) near Mull (Shingly Beach), W. Ross: Mulled Cider, Sudoreys: Southern Islands: Ionia: Moon Isles, Iona: Moon [Icolmkill Workhouse], Chaol Mhuile: Isle of Mull: Shingly Beach [pron. kyle MOO-lah. 1860-1923: Tigh na Bochdh Workhouse. 130+ inmates], Eilean Chalmain-Colonsay: Dove Island, Erraid: Snow Drop [Cleared], Eorsa [Workhouse], Laggan Ullamh Dha-Ulva [Workhouse. Island that is 7.5 miles wide by 2.5 miles long owned by the Howard family from Northern England. Ulbha islanders call themselves Ulbhaich. The highest point of Ulva is Beinn Chreagach: Rocky Mountain. ’M'Quarrie: He told us, his family had possessed Ulva for 900 years; but I was distressed to hear that it was soon to be sold for the payment of his debts.’ – Boswell Journal of a Tour to the Hebrides with Samuel Johnson, LL.D ©1785. Inquiring after the reliques of former manners, I found that in Ulva, &, I think, no where else, is continued the payment of the Mercheta Mulierum; a fine in old times due to the Laird at the marriage of a virgin. The original of this claim, as of our tenure of Borough English, is variously delivered. This payment, like others, was, for want of money, made anciently in the produce of the land. Macquarry was used to demand a sheep, for which he now takes a crown, by that inattention to the uncertain proportion between the value & the denomination of money, which has brought much disorder into Europe. A sheep has always the same power of supplying human wants, but a crown will bring at one time more, at another less. – Dr. Johnson A Journey to the Western Islands of Scotland ©18 January 1775], Little Colonsay: Little Hazel Island [Workhouse], Gometra [Workhouse], Staffa [Fingal’s Cave: Staffa Workhouse], Cairn na Burgh Mòr-Cairnburgh [Carna Workhouse], Cairn na Burgh Beag: Little Cairnburgh, Eilean na Monich: Black Moss Island, Tiree: Grain Land [Workhouse], Gunna [Workhouse], Coll: Hazel [1700s cleared. Slavery to Australia, Canada, South Africa. Others transferred to Mull Workhouse. Lachlan Macquarie sometimes called Father of Australia & Governor of New South Wales from 1809-1821 born on Ulva and buried on Mull], Calve, Dubh Artach: Black Bear, Glenans: Green Islands, Slate Islands-Treshnish: Treshnis: Treasure Islands: Volcanic islands 6 miles West of Mull (Shingly Beach) Luinn Luing: Slate Island [Workhouse], Seil: Pebble Island [Workhouse], Nagvisog, Bac Beag, Easdale, Inch Kenneth: Eilean Mhic Coinnich [An uninhabited island in the Inner Hebrides near the Isle of Mull. Nazi sympathiser Unity Valkyrie Mitford, daughter of Lord & Lady Redesford, spent her final years living on the island. Unity accompanied Göring, Himmler & Goebbels to meetings, rallies & the Munich Olympic Games. Hitler told newspapers in Germany that Unity was a perfect specimen of Aryan womanhood. She was given the gold Nazi party badge, the highest honour Hitler could bestow. Her sister Diana married British fascist leader Sir Oswald Mosley. Unity died in 1948 of complications of a self-inflicted bullet to the brain. The Island is now owned by Dr. Barlow. – Lorn Macintyre The Black Lyre: Black Ace Books © 2005], Shian Bac Mór (Yellow Weed: Dutchman’s Cap), Eilean Righ: King’s Isle, [Island of the Kings Workhouse], Eilean Macaskin [Cleared], Eilean Mhic-Chrion, Uberga, Eilean Dubh a’ Chumainn Mór: Black Isle [Workhouse], Triarach: Sacred Meeting Place: Sgeir an Eirionnaich: Snow Rock, Sgeir na h-Iolaire: Eagle Rock, Sgeir a Chaisteil: Castle Rock, Eilean Bhride: Brigid’s Isle, Lios Mòr-Lismore [Lismore Union Workhouse], Eilean nan Caorach-Cara [Workhouse], Shuna [Workhouse], Assaig: Ferry Isle, Oisg-Seasg (Isles of Ewe), Fladda, Eilean na Cloiche, Sgeir an Fheoir: Gross Skerryvore, Eilean Mòr, Ardistar, Eilean Musdile, Bernera: Yew Wood [Cleared], Eilean Loch Oscar, Eilean Droineach-Torsay: Thorn Isle, Eilean Balnagowan-Belnahua, Eilean Ramsay, Kerrera: Red Yew Berry [Workhouse] Dunadd: Duchy & County of Argyllshire [Dal Ríata: Red Kings] Campbeltown-Mull of Kintyre-Dalriada Epidium [Haunted with ghosts. Glen Scotia Whisky Distillery. One of the Ayr Burghs 1708-1832 with Inveraray and Oban. 1859: Workhouse on Witchburn Rd], Lochgilphead [1861-1920], Lorne [1862-1946], Dunoon [A burgh], Tobermory [A burgh], Cenél nOengusa: Islay Islands: Hebridean Sea: Firth of the Clyde: Venicones / Erc: Sacred Salmon People: Finlaggan [Palace of the Kings of all the Islanders], Chaol Ile-Islay [pron. kyle EES-lah, some pronounce ee-lya. Workhouse: 1865-1935], Eilean Mòr: Great Island, Eilean na Comhairle: Council Island [From council of twice 7 nobles, whose custom was regularly to declare justice], Cairn: Grave, Eilean Mic Mhaolmhoire: Hazel Island, Corr Sgeir, Eilean Iosal, Eilean Imersay, Eilean Bethidh: Birch Island, Outram, Texa [Workhouse], Eilean na n’Caorach: Sheep Island, Eilean na Naosg, Eilean Rinard: Bluff Height Island, Tarr Sgeir, Liath Eilean: Stone Island, Achnarra, Eilean Dealloch Dune, Stacbadis [This is Latin], St John’s Island, Orsay: Gold Island, Eilean nan Coinein, Eilean an Tannais-sgeir: Holy Fire Island, Eileen Naomh: Nave Island, Eilean na Bany: Isle of Women, Oronsay Islands: 8 miles from Islay: Oronsay, Eilean Bhaiodernal, Colonsay: Hazel Island, Rinns of Islay: Islay Bluffs / Corryvreckan: Whirlpool on the Sea: Argyll. NE of Islay: Sannda, Gigha: Vulva [Cleared], Gigalum, Scarba [Cleared], Diùra -Island of Jura [1948: Eric Arthur Blair George Orwell writes 1984 while suffering from tuberculosis: Character Winston Smith re-writes the official record, removes all reference to predictions that didn’t come true, & re-touches official photographs to remove people officially rendered unpersons (people who the state declares as having never existed). The original document is dropped into a memory hole leading to an incinerator. Party members refrain from sex, since sexual attachments might diminish exclusive loyalty to the Party. Artificial insemination: ARTSEM is strongly encouraged. (Art: the Golden Bear of Creation: King Arthur, ficher= index). 1984’s Oceana from James Harrington’s 1656 book The Commonwealth of Oceana dedicated to Cromwell. New Model Army Officer & London printer John Streater Reprinted in Dublin in 1758 in a super-edition, containing a version of Henry Neville’s Plato Redivivus & appendix by Rev. Thomas Birch (1705-1766). 1984 begins April 4, 1984 at 13:00 hours: It was a bright cold day in April, & the clocks were striking 13. In the story’s course, he concludes the date is irrelevant, because the State can arbitrarily alter it to be whatever it says it to be. 13 is actually the diabhna: divinity or fate in Scotland. Previously, Orwell’s essay You & the Atomic Bomb published October 19, 1945, in the British newspaper Tribune contemplates a world living in the shadow of the threat of nuclear war, a peace that is no peace, which he called a permanent cold war. In The Observer of March 10, 1946, Orwell wrote “. . . [a]fter the Moscow conference last D, Russia began to make a cold war on Britain & the British Empire“], Guirasdeal: Jura Paps, Craig, Craro, Garvellachs: Isles of the Sea: Rough Islands: SE of Jura. Dún Channuill: Black Channel, Eileach an Naoimh: Nine Goddess Isle [Cleared] & Garbh Eileach: Rough Island March & County of Buteshire [March of Bute]: Rothsay Royal Burgh, Millport Burgh, Keeylys Boadagh: Bute Kyle / Burnt Islands: Water Islands: Firth of the Clyde between Ayreshire & Argyll Eilean Mór: Large Island, Eilean a’Bhealach: Fraioch: Broom Island: Heather & Eilean Buidhe: Yellow Island, Eilean Dearg: Red Island, Eilean Dubh: Black Island, Sgat Mòr;, Sgat Beag, Lunga [Workhouse: Marquess of Bute], Rubha Fiola, Fiola The Cumbraes: Firth of the Clyde between Ayreshire & Argyll: The Eileans, Castle Island, Trail Isle, The Broad Islands, The Clach, The Leug, The Spoig, Gare Loch: Green Island, Kilbrannan Sound: Firth of the Clyde between Ayreshire & Argyll: Skipness, Cour Island, Eilean Grianain-Eilean Sunadale: Sun Island, Eilean Carrach-Carradale, An Struthlag, Island Ross, Thorn Isle, Gull Isle, Loch Fyne: Firth of the Clyde between Ayreshire & Argyll: Ardmarnock, Eilean Buidhe-Portavadie: Yellow Island, Eilean a’ Bhuic, Eilean Ardgaddan, Kilbride Island, Eilean Math-ghamhna, Eilean Aoghainn, Eilean Fraoch: Heather Island, Glas Eilean, Liath Eilean, Eilean Mór: Great Island, Duncuan Island, Inverneil Island, Eilean an Dúnain, Eilean a’ Chomhraig. Moreabh: Sea Islands: Hebridean Sea: Firth of the Clyde: Co. Bute Ailsa Craig-Creag Ealasaid-Ailsa Craig Ear: Bass Rock, Arran: Snowdrop [Workhouse], Bute-Eilean Bhòid [1926: Thompson Poorhouse], Cramond, Craigleath, Cumbrae Mòr-Cumaradh Mòr: Great Cumbrae [Workhouse], Cumbrae Beag: Little Cumbriae [Workhouse], Dera-Eilean Dà Bhàrr-Davaar, Eilean MoLaise: Holy Island, Fidra, Hamilton Island, Horse Island, Ibris-Eyebrough, Inchkeith, Innis Colum-Inchcolm: Dove Island, Innis Garbhach-Inch Garva: Rough Island, Innis Mheàrnaig-Inchmarnock, Inverclyde [Workhouse], Innis nam Bhiocaire-Inchmickery, Isle of May, Lady Isle, Lamb, Pladda, Rabbit Island, Sandaigh-Sanda, Stroma, an Tae: Tayside: Charming River: County Perthshire [Mormaerdon of Atholl]: Athole & Breadalbane Workhouse [1859-1946], Perth Workhouse [1860-1930: Glasgow Rd. Visited by Queen Victoria], Fortingall [Mass graves], Scone [Moot Hill, Near Perth], Duchy & County of Monteith [Menteith Mormaerdon]: , Duchy & County of Kinross [Strathearn Mormaerdon]: Strathearn Workhouse [1861: Isolation block. Landlord Lord Rollo, Duncrub House-Dunning: 10,148, £8,418: 1878. Prince Arthur William Patrick Albert, Duke of Connaught & Strathearn (1850-1942), the 3rd son of Queen Victoria & Governor General of Canada from 1911-1916], Duchy & County of Forfarshire-Angus [Angus Mormaerdon]: Arbroath & St Vigean’s Workhouse [Brechin Rd, Arbroath: Declaration of Arbroath], Grubbers’ Poorhouse [1878-1946: Brechin. Children mass murdered. Infectious disease hospital & cemetery], Dundee Workhouse [1853: 800+ children worked 16 hour days & those that rebelled were put in iron chains. 1887: Dead bodies dissected by the local anatomy school under the direction of Dr A. Melville & Dr. Robert Sinclair], Liff & Benvie Parish Poorhouse [1864: Dundee], Forfar [1882: Infirmary disposed of mental defectives & maternity cases], Kirriemuir Almshouse [1912: Beechwood Pl], MontroseGrampian Region: County Aberdeenshire [Mormaerdon of Mar & Buchan]: Aberdeen-Buchan Workhouse-Now Maud Hospital [1867-1946: Inmates starved, forced to grow potatoes, turnips, oats. Cesspool. Mass graves. Pathways made from cinders of the workhouse boilers 1862: Sir Robert John Abercromby of Airthrie Castle, Perthshire, 10,407 acres, £7,007 annual rental], Aberdeen–St. Nicholas-East [1847: Nelson St], Aberdeen–Old Machar-West [Fonthill Rd], Aberdeen-Oldmill Poorhouse [Skene, 961 inmates in 1925. Childrens’ Infirmary Block], Balmoral Castle, Grampian Region: Barony & County of Banffshire: White Boar Rathven Parish Hospital for the Poor [1912. Banff Royal Burgh 1203-6. 1 of the Elgin Burghs 1708 to 1918 with Cullen], Aberchirder [Other burghs are Aberlour, Buckie, Dufftown, Findochty, Keith, Macduff, Portknockie & Portsoy] County Kincardineshire: Kincardinshire Workhouse [1867-1948: Woodcot Brae W. of Stonehaven], County Morayshire [Mormaerdom of Moray]: Moray Firth: Morayshire Workhouse [1867-1948: Elgin. H-block cells, laundry], To Sort: Craiglockhart, Inveresk, Kyle, Highland: Gaeltacht: County Nairn: Alder Tree RiverNairn Workhouse [1860: Now owned by Lord Balgonie], County Caithness: Mouth of Grain [Caithness Mormaerdom]: Castle Sinclair: [Royal Burgh of Wick. One of the Tain Burghs 1708-1832], Latheron Workhouse [1850-1946: Pregnant women killed], Thurso Workhouse [1854-1924 designed by WL Moffat.], Castletown [Recently revealed roadsigns for Castletown in Caithness in the Highlands indicate The Highland Council’s intention to introduce bilingual signage into all areas of the Highlands have caused some controvery (Wikipedia)], County Lochaber: River Lake W. Highlands Glen Coe [1745: Glencoe Massacre. Bought by the Scottish National Trust from Lord Strathcona in 1935. No camping. ’ The reason? We are damaging the flora: The Angry Corrie 22: Glen ponder], County Cromarty: Bent Bear Cromarty Firth: Black Isle [1859-1946: Ness Road. Children starved to death. Laundry. Mass graves known as Agricultural Improvements Between Inverness & Cromarty], Caitaibh: Grain / Duchy & County of Sutherland [Suderland Mormaerdom]: Sutherland-Stonehaven Workhouse [1863: Laundry, childrens’ wards. Now Migdale Hospital], Outer Hebrides [na h-Eileanan Siar: Western Isles]Glas na Goirteann: The Minch: Ruled by the Glaucii: Blue Men of the Minch
Eilean Glas: Blue Island, Leòdhas Na Hearadh-Lewis na Hearish: Isle of Lewis & Harris: Lewis: Raven & Harris: Of the Hills [1894: Lews Workhouse operational through 1942], Isle of Taransay: Thunder Island [Human bones protrude from sand on Peible Beach], Scarpa [West coast of Isle of Harris], Bardsey, Scalpay-Scalpy [Workhouse], Rònaigh-Ronay: Seal Island, Sula Sgeir, Sgeotasaigh: Scotasay, Griomasaigh-Grimsay, Eilean Mor Phabail: Mid-Day Light, Eilean Adam: Red Earth, Eilean nan Uan: Holy Lamb, Viccowill, Eilean Thuilm, Havreray: Summer Isle, Eilean Mor Lacsaidh, Era, Eilean Chaluim Chille: Saint Columba, Eilean Thoraidh, Eilean Iubhard: Yew Island, Fladay, Innse Gall: Monarch Isles: Uibhist a Deas: South Uist: South Sweet Water-Benbecula-Eilean Heisgeir: Heisker: Monarch Island- Uibhist a Tuath: North Uist: North Sweet Water [This island when the tide flows in is triple, when the tide recedes it is 1 island. The tide leaves the white-fish with heather caves. In the caves are holy churches for sacred rites to the sacred quintuple number. South Uist: 1851: Highlanders seized & led to ships in chains. Placed in the steerage & died of disease. Long Island Workhouse: 1882-1946: North Uist, designed by Kinnear & Peddie. Infirmary, Mortuary] All linked to North Uist during lowtide: Baile Sear-Baleshare [ Population decline. 1830 -1843: 80% of infants dying of tetanus & deaths continued at a lesser pace until 1891. 1912: Food shortages 1913: Influenza. 29 August 1930: Last 36 remaining inhabitants evacuated to Scottish mainland. Islands purchased by Marquess of Bute in 1931, who bequeathed them to the National Trust for Scotland in 1957. 1937: Michael Powell’s film, The Edge of the World], Bhalaigh-Vallay, Bheàrnaraidh Beag: Little Yew Island, Boraraigh-Boreray: Boar King, Ceann Ear: Head East, Ceann Iar: Head West, Eilean Domhnuill: Dark Island, Hearnish, Deasker, Siolaigh: Shillay, Stockay, All linked to South Uist during lowtide: Orasaigh: Golden, Eilean nan Caorach: Isle of the Sheep, Eilean na Haikersait, Garb Lingeigh, Flodaigh, Fuidheigh Mòr, Fuidheigh Beag, Hay, Hellisay, Gighay: Vulva, Lingeigh, Fiaraidh, Fuday, Eiriosgaigh-Eriskay: Snowdrop. Barra Isles: Yew Isles: Hebridean Sea, S. of the Minch. Ruled by the Hag of Barra: 80 miles before Skye to the Summer Setting of the Sun extend: Eilean Bharraigh-Barra: Yew [Stretching 7 miles in length to the summer rising from the winter setting of the sun. Herring. MacNeil landlords since the 12th century cleared people from black houses named after the coal smoke for sheep farming. Farmers & fisherman forced to Canada, Ireland & United States], Bhatarsaigh-Vatersay [Rusted landmne shells from WWII, Memorial commemorates 450 dead aboard Highland Clearances emigrant ship Annie Jane in 1853. Dhiarr a’Mhuir a Bhith ga Tadhal (yeer ah voor ah vee gah tahl): The Sea Claims Her Own (McNeil: 273)], Kisimul: Old Norse for Castle Island [Off south coast of Barra. Owned by John Allen MacNeil who inherited the castle from his father Robert Lister MacNeil in 1937], Lingeigh-Lingay, Greanamul: Sunny Shingly Beach, Berneray: Yew Island, Miùghlaigh-Mingulay, Pabaigh-Pabbay: Priest Island, Maol Domhnaich-Muldoanich, Sanndraigh-Sandray, Cenn Bheàrnaraidh: Barra Head, Flodaigh Hiort: Saint Kilda Islands: 60 miles W. of North Uist: Beyond this to the Summer Setting of the Sun: Hirta Island-God’s Isle [Now occupied by the military & scientists for the Hebrides missile tracking range who do test firings], Bearnaraigh Mòr: Great Yew Wood Island: Great Bernera [Workhouse. Island in Loch Roag, off the Isle of Lewis in the Outer Hebrides. It is fairly close to Lewis, but it was not until 1953 that a bridge was built, after the islanders threatened to dynamite the hillside to create a causeway. Bernera Riots: Sir James Matheson having bought the island of Lewis, took charge of Bernera & appointed a solicitor, Donald Munro to be his factor in 1872], Bhacsaigh: Freckled Trout, Cealasaigh-St. Kilda: Church Island, Cearstaidh: Christine, Cliatasay [Near Fuadh Mòr], Dun: Brown, Eunay Mòr [Between Fuadh Mòr & Great Bernera], Flodaigh: Floating Island [2nd Flodaigh], Fuadh Beag: Little Spring, Fuadh Mòr: (pronounced Vuai Mòr): Big Spring [Off the W. Coast of Lewis near Great Bernera in Loch Roag. Highlanders cleared. Now uninhabited according to the UK Census of 2001], Garbh Eilean: Rough Island [Near Fuadh Mòr], Geile Sgeir [Near Fuadh Mòr], Eilean nam Feannag [Near Fuadh Mòr], Grimsay [Workhouse], Grousam [Near Fuadh Mòr], Lambay: Rennet’s Milk, Linngeam [Near Fuadh Mòr], Levinish: Sweet Milk Island, Luchruban: Small Body, Pabaigh: Bishop’s Island, Siaram Mor: Great West Isle, Siaram Beg: Small West Isle, Sish, Stac Lee: Smooth Precipice, Stac an Armin: Precipice, Soay: Sheep Island in Norse, Uineasan: Holy Sun Water of Life, Na h-Eileanan Flannach: Flannan Isles: Fire Islands / Na h-Eileanan Seunta: Shiant Isles: W. of Lewis in the Minch: Eilean Mòr: Great Island, Eilean Tighe: Poet Island, Eilean a Gobha-Garbh: Smith Island, Roaiream, Bròna Cleit, Zetland / Shetland Isles [Yn Sheltyn] & Orkney Isles [Inistore: Golden Islands]: Shetland Poorhouse [1884: W. of Lerwick], Old Monkland Workhouse [Orkney. Lord Horatio Herbert Kitchener dies in Orkney in 1916. He was born in Crotter House / Gunsborough Villa, Listowel. County Kerry, Ireland]

1670: Royal Society Stepped Reckoner Machine: Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibnitz: Believed by many, including my grandmother, of killing people in the workhouse system. The 1st machine that could execute all 4 basic arithmetical operations. His calculus ratiocinator anticipated aspects of the universal Turing machine. A number of such machines made during his years in Hanover by a craftsman working under Leibniz’s supervision. He invented the binary system & the Book Indexing System used by Library Science. He also wrote an imperial history of the House of Hannover-Brunswick stretching all the way back to Charlemagne. Leibniz is credited along with Isaac Newton with inventing the infinitesimal calculus in the 1670s. He introduced several notations used in calculus to this day, for instance the integral sign ∫ representing an elongated S from the Latin word summa & the d used for differentials from the Latin word differentia.

1725: Industrialized Farming: New agricultural culture based on profit-seeking experiments & improvements. Rational, scientific, capital-intensive agriculture established by Empires. Farmers experimented with larger varieties of cattle, too: there are paintings that show these men posing proudly next to immense bulls, which sometimes weighed 2 tons, much larger than animals today. A good example is Robert Bakewell (1725-95), though his English longhorn is scarcely known today. Consider the paintings of John Constable (1776-1837). In the midst of industrializing England, Constable painted pictures of rustic landscapes untouched by metal & steam. 2 centuries later, these pictures remain hugely influential. – Professor Bret Wallach
1782: Earl FitzWilliam receives Malton title from his uncle Charles Watson Wentworth, Marquis of Rockingham part of The See of York

1788: Act of William: Sir William Pitt, Earl of Chatham, is known as The Reaper Man. The poor are made to wear badges.

1788: Sir William Peel: Dolben Slave Carrying Act

1815: Corn Laws Sir Robert Peel, William’s son prohibits the importation of grain (called corn) until prices reach starvation level. Founder of the London Metropolitan Police Force named Bobbies after him.

1820: Difference Engine: Charles Babbage. This machine intended to calculate & print simple mathematical tables

1833: Analytical Machine: Built by English mathematician Charles Babbage (1791-1871) under Sir Robert Peel. The machine calculated & killed millions of English people in the English Workhouse system. The analytical engine’s 5 major segments: controller, storage, processor mill (modern CPU), input, output. Data could be output to other punched cards that could be read in again later. The programmer was Lady Ada Byron, daughter of the poet Lord Byron, Countess of Lovelace. Seen in Carl Laemmle’s movie The Bride of Frankenstein

1845: Hon James Lawrence, Tory Lord Mayor of Lerpwl: Liverpool & local booze baron, refused to hold any conference on relief.
...‘thousands die 40 or 50 deep in Liverpool’s pestilent cellars. British merchant ships stuffed tight with quality foodstuffs arrive at Liverpool from Ireland throughout the famine years destined for the belly of the British bourgeoisie,’ – Irish Holocaust

Liberty Gaol (House of Love): Home of the Governor. Prime occupation punishing vagrants. whippings, treadwheel, slavery to Australia. clothes fumigated in sulphur disinfector room, sick bay death disposal, police station in 1956.

’Hush-a-bye baby, on a tree top. When you grow old, your wages will stop. When you have spent the little you made. 1st to the poorhouse &amp: then to the grave.’ – Ripon Museum Trust Registered Charity No. 512913, The Workhouse Museum, Sharow View, Allhallowgate, Ripon HG4 1LE

1941: Director Harold Keen. Hollerith machines called bombes

The Human Button,BBC Radio 4, Dec 2008: Information on the manner in which the United Kingdom could launch its nuclear weapons. Former Chief of Defence Staff & amp; Chief of General Staff, General The Lord Guthrie of Craigiebank: the chief of the defence staff, if he really did think the prime minister had gone mad, would make quite sure that that order was not obeyed... You have to remember that actually prime ministers give direction, they tell the chief of the defence staff what they want, but it’s not prime ministers who actually tell a sailor to press a button in the middle of the Atlantic. The armed forces are loyal, & we live in a democracy, but actually their ultimate authority is the Queen. The Chief of Defence Staff is appointed by the monarch.
The Crown in the United Kingdom, is a term used to describe the power & property of the monarch as head of state. [No distinction was made between the monarch as head of state & the monarch as a person until 1707]. In the United Kingdom & in some countries that are members of the Commonwealth of Nations, lands belonging to the state are called Crown lands & are managed by a commissioner appointed by the government. Rents from Crown lands go into the nation’s treasury. The monarch’s personal property does not belong to the Crown, & the monarch may dispose of it or add to it as he or she wishes. The Crown acts on the advice of officials & through officials. When a monarch dies or abdicates, people speak of a demise of the Crown (a passing on of the Crown). Diplomats, government ministers, judges, armed forces officers, & other officials are servants of the Crown.
The powers of the Crown & of Parliament are often similar, & these powers are sometimes connected & used together. The Crown has powers called the royal prerogative. The Crown can take any action necessary to carry out the nation’s laws & to defend the country. The Crown can declare war, make treaties, & appoint diplomats. ...The Crown appoints judges of the Supreme Court (the High Court & the Court of Appeal) & of the crown court, officers of the armed forces, & bishops of the Church of England. The Crown also appoints justices of the peace.
..The Crown decides whether to prosecute people, & it has the power to pardon people who have broken the nation’s laws. It has power to reduce their punishments & to prevent them from punishment. ...At various times, monarchs have issued royal charters to independent societies & organizations to give them certain rights. – World Book Encyclopedia
1£ gold coin = sovereign [100 pence: 1489-1931]
1/4 £ silver coin = crown [25 pence: 1500-present]
1/20 £: shilling [12 pence: -1991]
1/10 £ silver coin = florin (pron. FLAWR-uhn: Florence Italy) [10 pence: 1849-present]
260th £ (100th &pound: 1971;) = penny [1¢]
1/2¢ = ha’penny
960th £ = farthing [1/4¢ lowest value of British currency: 1216-1961]

Infirmaries [Crematorium] Hospital of the Poor ’s Portion [1630], St John’s Children’s Home [Crematorium added 1873], Borough Prisons Specott's Fields, Denison Hill, Horfield, Belle Vue Asylum, Bethel Hospital [1713 Rev S Chapman, 600 starved & forced to spin cotton], Castle Hill in Eye, Doching, Kenninghall, St Augustine’s Asylum for Pauper Lunatics [Killed 505 people a week].

King George III’s Royal Staffordshire Pottery: Josiah Wedgwood. Warwick Workhouse

Corpse Roads: The traditional medieval death-roads, or corpse-roads, ending at cemeteries. Bedminster-Long Ashton: Corpse road from Aston to Blockley & Stretton to Blockley. Corpse road begins just N. of Cheltenham at St. Michael’s Church, Bishop’s Cleeve, Gloustershire & stops at the Cheltenham workhouse. It then continues to Evesham in Worcestershire

1351: Churchs hold burial rights to hamlets Stretton-on-Fosse & Aston Magna. Bishop of Worcester refuses petition from people of Stretton to allow them to bury their dead at Stretton, by which they would avoid paying the common dues & mortuaries to Blockley parish church – Leyhunter

Gouldney, Smith & Co Bank: Stolen Aztec gold of Guayaquil Gouldney Workhouse (Living Easton 77), Ships Leviathan, Mary Ann, Retribution [Man-Trap, Crouch Iron Torture Device], Success [Coffin Bath, Leg Irons, Punishment Ball, Ring Bolts, Iron Maiden] (Van Stack Collection)

Red Chequer Exchange: Lord Elmbridge & his fitzWarren wife licensed vintners & publicans.

Derby Asylum & Spinning Factory: Prime Minister Lord Derby’s Metropolitan Poor Act

Prison Service Museum:...exhibits include the last set of Gibbet Irons used in England, bone carvings & paintings made by prisoners in their cells & a 19th century sampler embroidered by a female prisoner from her own hair – Genuki. Sir Richard Arkwright, High Sheriff of Derby Shire: When he died in 1792 he left his son Richard the equivalent of £20 million, his son known as the richest non-titled person in Europe

Feudalism: Middle Ages 700 AD-Crusades
Primogeniture: Latin: Right of the 1st-Born: System of inheritance where the oldest child in a family, & often the oldest son, has the sole right to inherit land & possessions from the parents.
Fief: Estate granted by a lord in return for a vassal: Latin military retainer&#8221s loyalty & service. Land is not owned by the vassal. He is a tax collector & labor manager. When the vassal dies, his son takes over the fief. The lord arranges marriages for the daughter(s).
Investiture: Ceremony where a vassal is invested with his fief.
Escheat: Process where a vassal is di-vested of his fief.
Subinfeudation: Vassal hires knights to manage fief
Homage: Feudal ceremony where a man becomes the vassal of a lord. The knight to become a vassal kneels before the lord, places his hands between those of the lord, & acknowledges himself the man (homo in Latin). The lord recognizes him as a vassal, raises him to his feet, & kisses him. After performing homage, the vassal takes an oath of fealty, swearing on the Bible or on holy relics to keep the faith.
Felon: Rebellious vassal
Tenure: Landholding people forfeit land to a lord in return for protection. The lord allows the people to stay on the land as tenants, peasants of the manorial system without independence.
Villein (pronounced VIHL uhn): Agricultural worker bound to a plot of land they do not own. Part of the property & remain on the land if a new lord acquires it. Children of villeins born into the same bondage as their parents. Villeinage became tenantswho paid rent for land & bound to the soil without freedom of movement
Serf: Slave who can be sold apart from the land.
Debt Slavery: Debtor handed over to his creditors to become a slave. Prisons who hold them called debtors’ prisons
Freemason: Stoneworker who is not a slave.
Enclosure: Landless farmers subsistence-cropping strips of land in 1 of 3 or 4 large fields; losing their grazing rights. Agricultural mechanization requires large, enclosed fields in order to be workable. Called mechanized Enclosed Farms
Jethro Tull introduces his mechanical seed drill in 1701 invented in China in the 4th century BCE

“Show me the manner in which a nation cares for its dead, & I will measure with mathematical exactness the tender mercies of its people, their respect for the laws of the land & their loyalty to high ideals. ” - William Gladstone

Subsidiaries: London Provincial & SW Bank LTD, British Linen Bank

Board of Guardians 1902:

Chairman: A.T. Bevan
Medical Officer: A.M. Whitestone
Treasurer W.F. Mercer

John de Brekenoke: Treasurer to King Henry VI & High Sheriff of Buckingham 1440. Received from Edward IV 1458
1446: John Mowbray, Earl of Norfolk: Esquire of the Body to Henry VII
16th cen: Sir Perceval Hunt
1st Viscount John Shute Barrington (1678-1734): His brother is Samuel Shute Barrington, English Governor of Massachusetts & New Hampshire
1720: Lord William Cavendish IV: Duke of Devonshire. Staffordshire Copperlines / Royal Devonshire Pottery
1734: Lord Charles Cavendish, Duke of Devonshire, Sir Nathaniel Curzon Bart & Henry Harpur Esq
Lord Ayleston: BBC: ITA Independant Television Authority:
George Newport Sutton is listed as the Collector to the Guardians, Relief & Vaccination Officer No 2 for the East Ashford Workhouse: 1846

Tableware Education & Enforcement Fund– California Public Health Foundation, Berkeley

1694: King Frederick William I Wettin of Poland a.k.a Augustus II the Strong Elector of Saxony (1670-1733) takes chinese firing technique of porcelin [a mixture of china clay: kaolin & china stone: feldspar from granite or basalt fired at 1350 degrees celcisus] from Jingdezhen to Dresden & Meißen in Saxony. It is named European porcelin. He orders all Gypsies over 18 years of age to be hanged & hunted for sport.

1708: Pharmacist Johann Freidrich Böttger & Ehrenfried Walter von Tschirnhausen discover white porcelin.

1750: The English use calcified bone ash to strengthen the porcelin. The resulting material with 25% to 50% bone ash is called bone china. Bone ash: a white powdery ash left from the burning of bones.– Frank & Janet Hamer, The Potter's Dictionary of Materials & Techniques, A & C Black Publishers, Limited, London, England © 1991: ISBN 0-8122-3112

bone ash is produced from human bones in workhouses

Lughdunum Crematoriums: Raven Fortress / London: Raven Fortress
London Necropolis & National Mausoleum Company

Invasion of the Body Snatchers: William Hawkins: Treasurer to the Corporation of Plymouth: Aberplym: 1524-5s. [father-in-law Sir William Winter] Guinea / Sierra Leone / Brazilian slave trade under Henry VIII
Sir William Winter: 1526: Spanish Company: San Lucar de la Barrameda, Seville.
Thomas & Edward Winter: 1600: East India Company Inc, Messrs Worms of London Mortgage Bank, cousins of the Rothschilds. Winterton Inc: plantations: sugar cane, lemon grass, citronella, indigo, coconut, cinnamon, tea, rubber & bananas.
William & James T. Tapscott: Jamaican slaves, slave or the Triangular Trade in Indian workers
George Winter II & John Winter II: 1630: Plymouth Corporation.
William Blathwayte: 1686: Secretary of State to Queen Anne, Clerk of the Privy Council & Commissioner of Trades & Plantation (94)
Lord Aston: Sir Charles Throckmorton Bart & Duchess of Beaufort, Elizabeth Berkeley Somerset: 1719-99 : Barton Regis Bristol Corporation / Corporation for the Poor / London Company of Mercers / Waterford Wedgwood PLC Porcelain
Joseph & James White: Baptist Mills Pottery: 1840 to 1891 Bristol Stone-ware Glaze supplied to Doulton & Co, pipes. Closed down in 1891 due to slave labor conditions
Major George F. Rumsey: Chair of Barton Regis 1898: Chair of the Workhouse Board of Guardians
Francis G White: 1869-1960: Denver Art Pottery which moved to other sites in Denver to allow for expansion c.1911, 1915 & 1921

Danelaw: Jarldom & County of Sussex: South Saxony [Atrebates] Underneath Kent: Chichester [Administrative Center of West Sussex: Regni Kings vs Romans. Commius, king of the Atrebates, whose kingdom lay in the area of modern West Sussex. I have often said, & written, it is Famine which must consume; our swords & other endeavours work not that speedy effect which is expected for their overthrow. - English Viceroy Arthur Chichester writing to Elizabeth I’s chief advisor, Nov. 1601], Lewes [Administrative Center of East Sussex], Arundel [1682], Battle, Brighton [Crematorium], Chailey, Cuckfield [1776], Hailsham, Hastings [1066: William the Conqueror. Workhouse: Lord George , Hastings], Horsham, Midhurst, Newhaven, Petworth, Rye, Steyning, Sutton [1791.White slavery to Australia, mass murder], Thakeham, Ticehurst [1835], Uckfield, Westbourne, Westhampnet

Jarldom & County of Wessex: West Saxony
The kingdom of the West Saxons was centered in the areas of Berkshire & Hampshire. In the 900s, the kings of Wessex became kings of all England.
Jarldom of Hampton / County Hampshire: W. of Sussex: English Channel : Aldershot GP, Alresford, Alton, Alverstoke [1801 Bishop of Winchester. burial records available] (71), Andover [In 1845 starving inmates fought over scraps of rotting meat left on bones they were supposed to be crushing into dust for fertilizer. Known as bonecrushing] , Basingstoke [Basingstoke Railway], Bournemouth, Catherington, Christchurch, Droxford, Eastleigh, Fareham, Farnborough [Fever wards], Fordningbridge, Gosport [1770: Workhouse], Hartley Wintey, Havant, Headley, Hursley, Kingsclere, Lymington Infirmary, New Forest, Petersfield, Portsmouth [Hampshire Basin Harbor], Romsey, Ringwood, Southampton [1772. The Borough. legend says a nun committed suicide after killing a workhouse patient with the wrong medicine & that she & the patient haunt the hospital] (253: Mystical), Stockbridge, Whitchurch, New Winchester Infirmary [St. John’s mass graveyard with burial records. Phantasm offers ghost walks], Winslow Inc, County Berks / Berkshire [Bearroc: Red Birch]Berkshire, Abingdon [1416: The Brethren of the Holy Cross who signed with an iron cross on red wax (71)] Aldermaston [1949: AWE: Atomic Weapons Establishment], Bradfield [1776: Aldermaston & Tilehurst. 1835: Wayland Hospital by Kempthorne], Burghfield [1942: Nuclear ROF: Royal Ordinance Factory Burghfield: former Filling Factory, run as an Agency Factory, by Imperial Tobacco, to fill Oerlikon 20 mm ammunition], Cookham, Easthampstead [1760: William Watts Esq, South Hill] (71)], Faringdon Industrial School [1678: Viscount Barrington] (286), Hungerford & Ramsbury [1777. 1992-3 Bosnian refugees from Vukovar housed there. Foreign Secretary Baron Owen is responsible for the 1992 Vance-Owen Peace Plan. Accusations of his being an apologist for genocide lead to his forced resignation in 1995 (71)], Maidenhead, Newbury, Reading: The Oracle [1624: John Kendrick Woolen Draper. 1795: Starving inmates spinning hemp. 1865: Itch Wards: smallpox, typhoid fever, scabies. WWI war hospital. abolished 1929] (71) Reading & Wokingham, Wallingford [1616 Sir Thomas Bennett Human farming of wool & agriculture. stone-breaking in Pit. Parish administration meetings held at pubs], Wantage, Windsor [Dead chambers. Windsor castle located in city], Woking [1858: Convict Prisons 65 acres closed down 1965], Jarldom & County Oxon / Oxfordshire [Rhydychen: Red Alder]Borders Berkshire: Oxford Catacombs [50 miles NW of London. Catacombs underneath Oxford Castle built by William the Conqueror in 1071. Prison closed in 1996 (Oxfordshire Museum Service) Workhouse], Banbury [Ride a cock horse to Banbury Cross: 1684: inmates starving & in rags spinning. transformed into a silk factory with 200 child slaves in 1820. WWI: German POWs], Bicester, Chipping Norton [Chipping means market town. Cotswald limestone hills. Workhouse], Headington [The Laurels located on Gladstone Rd contained an Infirmary to dispose of the dead (71)], Thame, Witney [Edward Bolton], Woodstock [Mortuary chapel. consecrated Memorial Garden], Duchy of Buckingham / County Buckinghamshire: Oxfordshire to W, London to EastBuckingham [Buckingham Workhouse], Aylesbury [Administrative Center], Amersham [1839], Chiltern [3 hundreds: divisions of a county in Buckinghamshire, noted for several nominal or fictitious offices used for a special purpose. A member of Parliament wishing to leave the House applies for the position. By holding it temporarily, he is disqualified from sitting in the House, direct resignation from which is not permissible. expr. accept or apply for the Chiltern Hundreds, to resign as a member of Parliament], Eton Workhouse [People born in Eton have their birth registry in Eton College, in the case of my maternal great-grandfather, who later got listed under Greater London in one census], Newport Pagnell, Wycombe Workhouse, Middlesex: Middle Saxony (Now part of London) Bethnall Green [1777: 1,400+. floors soaked with urine, no ventilation or water, starved on suet pudding, mortuary, post-mortem room, revolving tables, coffin lift], Clerkenwell [1727], Poplar Bastille [1735], St. George’s Hannover Square [1726: 600+, Stone Mortuary, watch tower, small-pox], St Marylebone [1752: Master Francis Parent dismissed for drunkenness, absences, misappropriation of supplies, & son found in bed with female inmate. rat infestation from sewers under adjacent burial ground, fever kills matron & apothecary. 1793: 1,168+ Britain’s war with France increases pauperism. 1846: 2,264+ Irish robbed of money & disinfected. 1856: Richard Ryan dismissed for beating female inmates, 1867: 11,000+ fed on bread & gruel 1914-15: Belgian war refugees, WWII: transit centre for displaced persons. closed 1965] (71), Central Middlesex Hospital [Acton Ln, Park Royal: Ghost of a little girl seen (287)], Stepney [1725: Limehouse, Wapping: Charles Dickins’ Uncommercial Traveler: foul wards house women in every stage of disease, yellow: jaundiced, Ratcliff (71)], Mile-End Old Town [1729: Jews Burial Ground], City of London: Central London [Cockney] St. Pancreas [1788: 1900+ /yr. gangrene, smallpox. 1856: Florence Nightingale], Holborn Orphanage & Prison [inmates sewing lampshades, eagle head gateposts demolished WWI because they’re seen as a German symbol (71)] // Homerton [1699: child labor, starved on bread & beer], Bow Road [1849: 800+], London’s Bridwell / Bridewell Palace [1515: Built on medieval St. Bride’s Inn for Henry VIII for £39,000. Stands on the banks of the River Fleet. Its name has come to be synonymous with police stations & detention facilities in England & Ireland. The name Bridewell adopted for other prisons in London, including the Clerkenwell Bridewell (1615) & Tothill Fields Bridewell in Westminster. The term refers to a city’s main detention facility, usually in close proximity to a courthouse, as in Nottingham, Leeds, Gloucester, Bristol, Dublin & Cork (Wikipedia) 1556: City turns palace into a prison, hospital, & workhouse. 1688: child labor. crematorium. 1808: The Pass Room at Bridewell: Ackermann’s Microcosm of London (1808–1811), drawn by Thomas Rowlandson & Augustus Pugin: For unmarried mothers. 1855: Prison closed], Brookwood Cemetery: 1852: crematorium. London Necropolis & National Mausoleum Company. ‘In association with the L&SWR [London & SW. Railway], the London Necropolis ran trains daily to Brookwood (except on days when nobody was to be buried). These trains were segregated by class - even for the coffins - & by religion as well. ... 2 stations were provided, called North & South’ (96)], City of London: Central London: East London: East End:HoSpital Fields [black plague], Tower of London, Saint Philip’s Convent Laundry & Wayfarer’s House [-1945. Dalston: Run by the Anglican First Order Sisters of the Society of Saint Francis who led the Office for the Departed. In 1920 the community inherited the house next door to the convent & opened a home for incurable & bedridden women], Hackney [1728: plague], St George’s in-the-East (71), Outer London East End: Greenwich Institution [1834: 1928+. Iron-gated Isolation hospital. children segregated, starved on bread & molasses, whipped, caned & forced to serve rich food to the Board of Guardians. boils, meningitis, typhus. punishment for eating mulberries from the tree outside, weekend solitary confinement, children transported to Canada] (Olive Leaf: 165), Lesham [1612], Whitechapel St Peter’s Mint [1832: 600+ dead by starvation & cholera], Woolwich [Woolwich Banking PLC Revd Francis Cameron. It bore the inscription The poor ye have always with you.], City of London: Central London: West London: West End [The Strand] Highgate Mental Health Centre & Prison [1596: Consists of: Strand Workhouse, Highgate Cemetary & Archway Crematorium. Messrs. Potter & Sons, 298 Oxford-Street. Starving Women executed for trying to steal food, sexual slavery / prostitution to Australia (134)], Old Bailey Criminal Court [1550: Old Bailey St. Once formed part of a bailey (an area between the inner & outer city walls) in medieval London. Newgate Prisoners on trial; transportation to Australia for prostitution, pawning & wheat theft], Newgate Prison [England’s main criminal prison for 700+ years, torn down in 1902. Originally part of West Gate, entranceway to the city, rebuilt & renamed Newgate in the 1100s. Subterranian cells under the sewers. Rats, typhus. Children as young as 5], St. James Park [Borders St. James’s Palace. Prostitution hub for rich men from West End], St Martin’s [1665: Starved to death & buried in vaults while parish authorities profit from the King’s Head Alehouse. Infirmary located by graveyard with a surgical dissection room, dead house. Destroyed 1871 for London National Gallery], Tuppendens Almshouse [1756. James Brown: Strand Lacemaker], Trafalgar Square [Sunderland Inc. Crematorium], Westminster Workhouse [York St & Marloes Rd. Parliament located in this city], Kensington Vestry [1776: vermin, crawling maggots], Ealing [Amherst Lodge: Former orphanage haunted by nuns (287)], County Suth Righ [Surrey] St Olave-Bermondsey Rotherhithe [1729: 400+ 1897: Ladywell Infirmary. Home of London County Council], Camberwell [1818], Lambeth [London Inner Borough: 1726: Lambeth & Norwood: 270+ weaving, stone-breaking, bathtubs filled with slime, watch tower, prison receiving block, isolation block for children under 8, crematorium], Southwark [1782: Mint St. Typhus, dysentery, scarlet fever, open sewers. 1865 records people by the Thames river boiling bones. 420 inmates inside not having water for a week, starving on tea & bread, forced to care for the dead. Average mortality is 300. 1864: 296. – The Lancet] (71), St Saviour’s, [1732], Surrey Industrial School [Gassed children to death], Wandsworth [1730: Land leased from Earl Spencer. 1776 Parliamentary report listed parish workhouses in Battersea - 70 , Putney - 70, Streatham -30 & Wandsworth -120. 1838: Guardians lease another site from Earl Spencer on the N. side of St John’s Hill (71)] Outer London: Ash, Chertsey, Croydon [Outer Borough, London], Dorking, Eastbourne, Epsom, Farnham Inc [1791: Sir Richard Tichbourne], Firle, Godstone, Hailsham, Hambledon, Kingston-Upon-Hull [Kingston Workhouse], Humberside [Scunthorpe General Hospital. 1975: Nurse Barbara Goodall reported smelling violets & seeing a ghost of Old Frodingham Hospital in 1 of the children's wards in the war memorial wing. After her visitation the child recovers (Mystical)], Reigate, Richmond, Duchy & County of Kent: Clear Water: County Canterbury Morticians [Beadles]: Canterbury Inc. [1771: 14 parishs. children apprenticed to morticians called beadles. guardians minutes are in Canterbury Cathedral], Ashford East [1837: 350+: Sutton Inc: George Newport Sutton], Ashford West [1725: 70+ bleaching Irish linen. 1941: Dunkirk evacuated 15,000 men camped on the lawn], Blean [1835: Windowless Hearne Bastille: 500 rural inmate plan 9-year old girl shut in overnight with a corpse in the mortuary], Birchington, Bridge [1836], Bromley [1844: Built by James Savage. WWI soldiers], Cranbrook [1777], Dartford Heath Asylum [1729: 228+], Dover [1836: 500+. childrens’ block, infirmary. Buckland Hospital: ghost of a young boy seen by Bill Ridgeway, Deputy Mayor of Dover in 1973], Eastry [1782: 500+ . 1871: crematorium, typhus fever, smallpox hospital 1902], Elham [1782: 1346+. infirmary ward, child slavery], Faversham [1777: 100+. expanded to include 500, a century later], Folkestone [Channel Tunnel to France here], Gravesend & Milton [1846: 138+ under Henry & Martha Hodge], Harbledown, Hollingbourne [1902: 400+], Hoo, Maidstone Saint Francis Parish [1825: Edward III under the Franciscan Grey Friars’ Sisters of Providence & Mr. Peskett. cholera, starvation. George Sanders, John Otley, H Pout, Yalding; H W Joy, Staplehurst; C Kennett; E Farley are the 1846 public vaccinators] (75: 12 St. Francis) Haunted by a sobbing ghost woman (253: Mystical)], Malling [1846: 240+], Medway [1723: set up by 2 members of Parliament. inmates pick oakum in His Majesty’s yard, children bound out to: fisherman, black-smiths, carpenters, maids], Orpington [16th cen: Sir Perceval Hunt], Penshurst, Petham Inc, River, Romney Marsh [75. Gov Robert Harrison], Sevenoaks [1844: 381+], Strood [531+. surgical dissections] Sutton [1791: White slavery to Australia, mass murder], Tenterden, Tonbridge-Tunbridge [1777: 130], Whitstable Inc, Isle of Thanet [1846: Milton Regis. 140+ also Archbishop’s Palace: 1690. Kent: Barclay’s Bank], Sheppey Isle [1846: J Cousins Master. 122+ Sheppey, Teynham & Linstead], Duchy of Gloucester / County Gloucestershire: (pron. GLAHS tuhr, gl-OW-stuhr-sheer) Dursley Gloucestershire Inc [Dursley: Many unmarried women came to give birth. The babies did not survive. They are said to be buried in unmarked graves in the hedges by the church], Barton Regis, Cheltenham, Chipping Sodbury [Cotswalds: Sheep Growing area], Cirencester, Clifton, Easton: Baptist Mills Pottery [Gloustershire: 1846: Naked children at Baptist Mills, slave labor, torture, dying chutes], Cotswald [Bodysnatching, corpse theft & human dissection by London Company Surgeons. 7lbs paid for each adult corpse, smalls or children paid by the foot & teeth paid by the piece to make dentures for the rich], Gloucester [Beatrice Webb (1858-1943 née Martha Beatrice Potter) served on the Royal Commission on the Poor Law from 1906 to 1909. In 1913, the Webbs established the New Statesman], Ynys Echru: Flat Holm Island [cholera sanitorium, now uninhabited], Hemel [Hemel & Hemstead Surgeons Inc: demolished. Belgian refugees from W German Occupation (71)], Hempstead [Hemel & Hempstead Surgeons Inc: demolished], Remand Home, Kilburn Orphanage [1860-1920: Separated by class, forced labor as maids, starvation: gruel, tea, suet. Delinquents made to sit cross—legged on the floor with pinafores turned up. Staff told children had venereal disease & to never hug, kiss, or touch them. Hair used as rose manure (Victorian Hangover 254)], Newent, Northleach, Stow-On-the-Wold, Stroud Inc [Anglican chapel, graveyard] , Tetbury, Tewkesbury [haunted graveyard], Thornbury [250 inmates with infirmary], Westbury-on-Severn, Wheatenhurst, Winchcomb, County Wilt / Wiltshire: Cotswald Hills: Gloucestershire to N., Oxfordshire & Berkshire to east, Devon to west, Dorset to south. Wilton, Trowbridge [Administrative Center: Trowbridge Workhouse], Alderbury-Salisbury [Alderbury Workouse. Salisbury Inc. Earl of Salisbury], Amesbury, Bradford-On-Avon, Calne, Cricklade & Wootten Bassett, Chippenham [878 AD: Danes defeat Alfred the Great. Workhouse], Devizes, Westport-Malmesbury, Marlborough, Pewsey [Melksham, Mere Inc Workhouse], Sarum-Salisbury [Clarendon Forest nearby], Swindon [Highworth & Swindon Workhouse. Railway to London], Tisbury [1390: Wardour Castle], Warminster, Westbury, Whorwellsdown. Duchy & County of Somerset: SW: Bristol Channel: Taunton [Administrative Center], Axbridge, Bath, Bristol [Stoke Park Hospital: Main building home of the Duchess of Beaufort. Some believe the lake ghost is the Duchess herself (287)]. Bridgwater, Cadbri: Cadbury, Chard, Clutton, Dulverton [1836], Frome, Caer Wydr: Glass Castle / Glastonbury [Glastonbury Workhouse. 1681: Joseph Glanvil’s Sadducismus Triumphatus: Witch trials], Keynsham, Langport, Shepton Mallet West End Home [1839], Wellington, Wells, Williton, Wincanton, Yeovil [Punishment Books until 1941], County Dorset / Durnovaria: Beaminster [Redhone Hundred], Blandford, Bridport, Cerne [Cerne, Totcombe & Modbury Hundred], Cranbourne Dorchester, Poole [Cogdean Hundred], Purbeck, Shaftsbury, Sherborne, Sturminster, Wareham & Purbeck [978: Corfe Castle is where King Edward the Martyr was killed by his step-mother Elfrida. Turned into a prison, Elizabeth I: Corfe Castle Hundred had Lord Chancellor Sir Christopher Hatton running it until it was destroyed with explosives in the English Civil War of 1646. Immortalized in the Remington New Model Army Conversion Gun], Weymouth, Wimborne & Cranbourne [Wimborne Minster], Duchy & County of Devonshire [Dumnonia / Dyfneint: Abyss: Kingdom of Devon] Alverstoke, Axminster, Barnstaple, Bideford, Crediton, Devonport, Devonshire Royal Hospital [John Carr & Duke of Devonshire], East Stoneshouse, Keresk: Caer Uisc: Exeter: Water Castle [1692 Incorporated by Parliament. fever wards, childrens ward, slow starvation] (71), Holsworthy, Honiton, Kingsbridge, Newton Abbot, Okehampton Castle, Plympton-St. Mary, South Molton, St Thomas, Stonehouse, Stoke Damerel, Stokesley, Tavistock, Tiverton [1698 ’There are more than 90 charities in Tiverton, including alms-houses, endowed schools, scholarships at the universities, loans to poor manufacturers & husbandmen ’] (71), Torrington, Totnes, Jarldom & County of Huntingdon: Cornwall: Huntingdon [Workhouse near Peterborough. Robert Fitzooth, Earl of Huntingdon], St Ives, St Neots, Duchy & County Cornwall [Kernow: Rebirth / West Country] Bodmin, Camborne-Redruth Hospital, Camelford, Falmouth, Helston, Launceston, Liskeard/Llamelon, Penzance [Goluan: Light: Midsummer: ’At these Fires the Cornish attend with lighted torches, tarr’d & pitch’d at the end, & make their perambulations round their Fires, & go from village to village carrying their torches before them; & this is certainly the remains of the Druid superstition, for faces praeferre, to carry lighted torches, was reckoned a kind of Gentilism, & as such particularly prohibited by the Gallick Councils: they were in the eye of the law accensores facularum, & thought to sacrifice to the devil, & to deserve capital punishment’ – Dr William Borlase, 1754, Antiquities of Cornwall], St Austell, St Columb Major, St Germans, Stratton, Truro, Ynysek Syllan: Scilly Isles / Isles of Scilly Atlantic Ocean 25 miles W. of Penn an Wlas: Land’s End, Cornwall. This group of approximately 150 islands has a total area of about 15 1/2 square miles. Only 5 islands are inhabited: Ennor-Zennor-St. Mary’s [Largest island with a Scillonian history museum], Yns Skaw [1100 AD: Tresco Abbey], Brechlek: Speckled Island-St Martin’s [1834: Augustus Smith became lord proprietor of the Isles of Scilly, brought improvements in education to the islands], Bryher [3rd largest island], Aganas-St. Agnes [4th largest island], Skipton [Scilly Isles: A giant graveyard. Legend says if you sail out there the dead will come for you], St. Samson: Summer Island [Cursed], Annet, An Creeban: Crim Rocks, Bryher: Place of Hills, Burnt Island, Gorregan, Great Arthur, Great Ganinick, Guen Hily-Great Ganilly, Green Island, Gugh: Hedge, Guther’s Island, Gweal, Longships, Men an Eskob, Menwalaethan, Merrick, Plumb Island, Puffin Island, Rosevear, Round Island, 7 Stones Reef, Tean, Toll’s Island, Ynys Elidius: St Helen’s, Annet Island [Restricted access], Samson Island [1855: Augustus Smith, Lord Proprietor of Scilly, decided to evict the last 10 residents who lived there & turn the island into a deer park. Remains of the 19th-century houses may still be seen, as may the remains of prehistoric chamber tombs]

The Fate of Empires Arthur John Hubbard

The man who tells his dreams in private is generally an insufferable bore. The man who has the temerity to offer them to the public is, obviously, one who ought to be killed – and buried securely.

lladdiad: killing [la-dee-da: well la-dee-da ], lladdwr: [lha -dhur] killer, plural lladdwyr [lhadh -wir]
Lladd pawb, lladd pob oed, Lladd yr hyna a’r ieunga ‘rioed: Kill all, kill all ages, kill the oldest & the youngest of all.

Welsh is derived from ancient Celtic. The letter y is always a vowel, & the letter w is usually used as one. The combination dd is pronounced like the th in they. The letter f sounds like the English v, & ff sounds like f. The ll sound is made by placing the tongue in the position for l & then trying to pronounce an h. Corff Bwlch [Corpse Roads]
Saint Andrews Church, Coniston [25 mile route to Ulverston], Grasmere [White Moss, passing Dove Cottage: grid references NY 334063 to 339053. The Coffin Stone], Greystoke, St Bees Church.

The Board of Home Missions has informed us that government contracts for educating Indian pupils provide for the ordinary branches of an English education to be taught, & that no books in any Indian language shall be used, or instruction given in that language to Indian pupils. The letter states that this rule will be strictly enforced in all government Indian schools. The Commissioner of Indian Affairs urges, & very forcibly too, that instruction in their vernacular is not only of no use to them but is detrimental to their speedy education & civilization. – Sheldon Jackson, first Commissioner of Education for Alaska, 1888
Spanish Missions [1565-1820]In a belt of North America known as the Spanish Borderlands: Georgia, Florida, Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, & California. French missions in the Great Lakes area, & some villages of Indian converts to Christianity in New England.

Eastern Missions
Jesuits: 1566-1572. Franciscans operated missions in Florida & Georgia for almost 200 years. By 1655, 38 missions in the area. After the founding of Charleston, S.C., in 1670, English settlers enslaved & killed the Indians. By 1708, only a few missions were left, & in 1763, Spain surrendered Florida to England

• Nombre de Dios: Name of the God [1565: St. Augustine, Florida: Oldest U.S. mission]

Western Missions 1598: Franciscan Spanish Colony in New Mexico. Missions in 50 Pueblo towns. In early 1600’s, friars claimed to have 35,000 mission Indians. 1680’s: Adobe & stone missions in San Antonio area known as the Alamo chain. 1691-1711, Jesuit missionary Father Eusebio Francisco Kino’s expeditions into Arizona. He founded 24 missions. Franciscans came in 1768 & remained to the 1820’s

• San Esteban Rey de Acoma [1630: Acoma, New Mexico]
• Nuestra Senora del Carmen: Our Lady of Carmen [1682: Near El Paso]
• Misión San José [1720: San Antonio: Franciscan Antonio Margil de Jesus. Now San Antonio Missions National Historical Park]
• Misión San Antonio de Valero a.k.a the Alamo [San Antonio]
• Misión San Xavier del Bac [1700: Father Eusbebio Francisco Kino: Tohono O’odham lands near Tucson, Arizona]

California Mission System [1769-1834] 21 on the El Camino Real: The Royal Highway now known as Hwy 101: Spanish Missions established 1809 to 1834 used Coast Miwok: People & southern Kashia-Pomo: Red Earth People as a labor source called neophytes After the Mission period local Indian people continued in servitude to Mexican land grant owners throughout their confiscated tribal territories. Lake Sonoma Valley excavations identified as Amacha. Elder Kashia-Pomo remember their grandfathers hid out from oncoming immigrants in the mid-1850s at Amacha. Soldiers took all the people to government lands & burned the village. (121: 1: Gold)